Chapter 3

ankyl(o)-

crooked, bent or stiff

arthr(o)-

joint

chondr(o)-

cartilage

cost(o)-

ribs

crani(o)-

skull

-desis

surgical fixation of bone or joint

kyph(o)-

hump

lord(o)-

bent backward

-lysis

loosening or setting free

myel(o)-

bone marrow

oss(e)- / oss(i)- / ost(o)- / oste(o)-

bone

scoli(o)-

curved

spondyl(o)-

vertebrae

synovi(o)- / synov(o)-

synovial membrane

-um

noun ending

skeletal system (8 parts)

consists of the bones, bone marrow, cartilage, joints, ligaments, synovial membrane, synovial fluid and bursa

periosteum

tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone

compact bone

dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms protective outer layer of bones

spongy bone

lighter and not as strong as compact bone, found in ends and inner portions of long bones - red bone marrow found within

medullary cavity

central cavity located in the shaft of a long bone and is surrounded by compact bone

endosteum

tissue that lines the medullary cavity

red bone marrow

located in spongy bone - hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes

hemopoietic

pertaining to formation of blood cells

yellow bone marrow

functions as a fat storage area - located in the medullary cavity

cartilage

smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones

articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints - makes smooth movement possible and protects bones from rubbing against each other

meniscus

curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints (knee and temporomandibular joint)

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

epiphysis

wider ends of long bones such as femurs of the legs, covered with articular cartilage for protection

foramen

opening in a bone trough which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass

process

normal projection on surface of a bone that serves as an attachment for muscles and tendons

joints

place of union between two or more bones - articulations

name the 3 types of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

fibrous joint

consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue - hold bones together

fontanelles

flexible soft spots that facilitate passage of infant through birth canal and allow for growth of skull during first year - soft spots

cartilaginous joints

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage (ribs to sternum)

pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint located between the pubic bones in the anterior of the pelvis to facilitate childbirth

synovial joint

created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions - ball and socket joints and hinge joints

name the components of a synovial joint (5)

synovial capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments, and bursa

synovial capsule

outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds joint

synovial membrane

lines synovial capsule - secretes synovial fluid

synovial fluid

acts as a lubricant to make smooth movement of joint possible

ligaments

bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another, or joining a bone to cartilage

bursa

fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction such as in the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone

axial skeleton

protects major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems

appendicular skeleton

126 bones that are organized into the upper extremities (shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands) and the lower extremities (hips, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet)

skull

consists of the eight bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, and six bones in the middle ear

major parts of the skull

cranium (8 bones), face (14 bones), middle ear (6 bones)

cranium

portion of skull that encloses brain

bones of the cranium

frontal, parietal (2), occipital, temporal (2), sphenoid, ethmoid

frontal bone

forms the forehead

parietal bones

form most of the roof and upper sides of cranium

occipital bone

forms posterior floor and walls of cranium

temporal bones

for sides and base of cranium

sphenoid bone

forms part of base of skull and parts of floor and sides of orbit

ethmoid bone

forms part of posterior portion of nose, orbit, and floor of cranium

auditory ossicles

six (6) tiny bones of middle ear

external auditory meatus

located in temporal bone - opening of external auditory canal of outer ear

facial bones (14)

nasal (2), zygomatic (2), maxillary (2), palatine (2), lacrimal (2), inferior conchae (2), vomer, mandible

nasal bones

two bones that form upper part of the bridge of nose

zygomatic bones

articulate with the frontal bone (forehead) - cheekbones

maxillary bones

form most of upper jaw

palatine bones

form part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose

lacrimal bones

make up part of the orbit at the inner angle of eye

inferior conchae

thin, scroll-like bones that form part of interior of nose

vomer bone

forms base for nasal septum

mandible

only movable bone of the skull - attached to the skull at TMJ - jawbone

temporo-mandibular joint

attaches the jawbone to the skull - TMJ

thoracic cavity

bony structure that protects the heart and lungs - consists of ribs, sternum, and upper portion of spinal column extending from the neck to the diaphragm - not including arms

ribs

attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae - 12 pairs - costals

cost/o

rib

sternum

forms the middle of front of the rib cage and is divided into three parts - breastbone

manubrium

bony structure that forms the upper portion of sternum

body of the sternum

bony structure that forms the middle portion of sternum

xiphoid process

structure made of cartilage that forms lower portion of sternum

pectoral girdle

formed by the shoulders, which support the arms and hands

clavicle

slender bone that connects manubrium of the sternum to scapula - collar bone

scapula

shoulder blade

acromion

extension of scapula that forms high point of shoulder

humerus

bone of upper arm

radius

smaller and shorter bone in forearm - runs up the thumb side of the forearm

ulna

larger and longer bone of forearm

olecranon process

large projection on upper end of the ulna - funny bone

carpals

8 bones that form the wrist

metacarpals

5 bones that form the palm of the hand

phalanges

14 bones of the fingers - the bones of the toes

spinal column

supports the head and body and protects the spinal cord

vertebrae

bony structure units of the spinal column

cervical vertebrae

first set of 7 vertebrae that form the neck - C1 through C7

thoracic vertebrae

second set of 12 vertebrae - form outward curve of spine - T1 through T12

lumbar vertebrae

third set of five vertebrae - form inward curve of lower spine - L1 through L5

sacrum

slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of spine - forms the lower portion of back

coccyx

forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of four small vertebrae that are fused together (tailbone)

intervertebral disks

made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other

pelvic girdle

protects internal organs and supports the lower extremeties; a cup-shaped ring of bone at the lower end of the trunk that consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis

ilium

the broad blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone

sacroiliac

the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium

ischium

forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone and bears the weight of the body when sitting

pubis

forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, located just below the urinary bladder

pubic symphysis

the cartilaginous joint known that allows some movement to facilitate childbirth