Drugs Brain and Mind - Chapter 2

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23 Terms

1

tail-flick test

measures response of the animal to heat applied to the tail

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2

hot plate test

latency to respond to a thermal stimulus applied to paws » time it takes the mouse to lick the hind paw, vocalize, or jump from surface

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3

analgesia

reduction of perceived pain without loss of consciousness

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4

radial arm maze (RAM)

hungry rat allowed to explore, food bait at end of each arm

learn to visit each arm only once on a given day

  • must remember which arms were visited previously

  • external visual cues as guides

  • sensitive to hippocampal lesions

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5

morris water maze

opaque circular pool of water, external visual cues as guides

sensitive to hippocampal lesions

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6

barnes maze

external visual cues as guides

no swimming involved (unnatural behavior for rodents)

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7

delayed response test

food is placed in selected well, covered and revealed, animal must choose the correct well

working memory, sensitive to PFC lesions

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8

anxiety test: open field, elevated plus maze, elevated zero maze, light/dark

a natural conflict situation occurs when a rodent is exposed to an unfamiliar environment

anxiolytic drugs increase these behaviors, anxiogenic drugs decrease these behaviors:

  • time in center of open field

  • time spent in open arms of mazes

  • time spent in light

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9

pre-pulse inhibition (PPI)

schizophrenia and ASD patients exhibit impaired PPI

impairments in sensorimotor gating: ability to distinguish between stimuli and filter out uneccesary inputs

  • inappropriate thoughts, hallucinations, sensory experiences, etc

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10

inter cranial self-stimulation (ICSS)

animal self-administers a weak electric current to brain reward areas

threshold: current value at which animal continually self-administers

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11

conditioned place preference (CPP)

conditioned association between drug effect and environment

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12

drug discrimination testing

animal learns to discriminate between drug and saline based on internal cues produced by the drug

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13

optogenetics

insertion of genes into neurons that confer light responsiveness to control events within these neurons

used in freely behaving animalsi

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14

implanted microelectrodes

implanted into a single cell (intracellular recording) OR

into the extracellular fluid near a single cell (extracellular recording)

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15

in vivo microdialysis

measure neurotransmitter release in specific brain region while subject is actively engaged in a behavior

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16

“soup” method (quantification)

tissue sample is isolated and ground (homogenate)

number of receptors in brain region and affinity for drugs

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17

“slice” methods (spatial localization)

uses intact slice of tissue

visualize distribution of receptors in the brain

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18

positron emission tomography (PET)

maps distribution of radioactively labeled substance, used to determine location of drugs

locates areas of brain activity when person is performing cognitive tasks

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19

functional MRI (fMRI)

oxygenated hemoglobin has a different magnetic resonance signal than oxygen-depleted hemoglobin

active brain cells need more O2 » blood flow increases

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20

transgenic mice

human genes inserted into mice

models for neurodegenerative diseases

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21

knockout mice

lack gene for making a particular protein

constitutive (germ-line), site-specific (ire-lox) or inducible (tet on/off)

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22

knock-in mice

point mutations target a single nucleotide to produce a single a.a. substitution

may produce loss or gain of function

study of a specific mutation

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23

knockdown mice

RNAi mice

allows assessment of lowered levels of gene product

might be more valid representation of the human condition than KO

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