APUSH Test 26,27, and Civil Rights Movemeng

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)

Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man and was arrested. MLK Jr. and other black clergy organized the Montgomery Improvement Association to coordinate protests against the city bus system. After 381 days of walking and cycling, the Supreme Court rules that the Alabama laws segregating bus riders was unconstitutional and issued an ordinance

Southern Freedom Movement

MLK's non-violent civil rights movement

Greensboro Sit-Ins 1960

black customers could buy items at the cash register, but could not site at the lunch counter and purchase food or drink. students staged the first sit-in at F.W. Woolworths to draw attention to the hypocrisy of the policy

March on Washington 1963

over 200,000 people gathered at the Mall in the nations capital to express their support for JFK's Civil Rights Bill as well jobs and freedom. it brought thousands of people of all races and classes to support black civil rights, however legislation was not passed; MLK gave his "I have a dream" speech

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Outlawed major forms of discrimination against blacks and women; it ended segregation in schools, the workplace, and facilities that served the general public

Voting Rights Act of 1965

outlawed voting qualifications or prerequisite to voting to deny the right of any citizen to vote on account of race or color

Civil Rights Act of 1968 (Fair Housing Act)

no discrimination in rentals and sales of housing

Malcom X

believed violence was acceptable for change when necessary

Black Power

radical stance within the black civil rights movement; prominent in the late 1960s and early 1970s, emphasizing racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests and advance black values as opposed to multiculturalism; encourages separatism

Black Panther Party for Self Defense

Founded by Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton in 1966 and set forth a doctrine calling for the protection of African American neighborhoods from police brutality; believed that the non-violence of the civil rights movement were not working

Stokely Carmichael

started as a member of SNCC and later as the Honorary Prime Minister to the BPP and popularized black power

Black Panther Party Tactics

1. Free Breakfast for Children Program

2. Free Medical Clinics

3. Free Self-Defense Classes

4. Free Alcohol and Drug Rehab

5. Direct Confrontation (monitored Oakland police to curb police brutality)

National Organization of Women 1966

the bring women into full participation in the mainstream American Society; propelled by the Feminine Mystique during second wave feminism

Stonewall Riots (1969)

Violent clashes between police and gay patrons of New York City's Stonewall Inn, seen as the starting point of the modern gay rights movement.

The Sexual Revolution

A period in U.S. history, beginning about 1960, of increased sexual permissiveness; playboy, birth control, abortion. Number of divorces rose and birth rate dropped

Roe v. Wade (1973)

struck down state laws that prohibited a woman's right to have an abortion during the first 3 months of a pregnancy

Kent State 1970

When the US extended the war in Vietnam and invaded Cambodia, students protested on college campuses across the US because Nixon had promised to decrease American involvement in southeast Asia; at this college, national guardsmen fired into a crowd of students

The Youth International Party (Yippies)

New Nation concept that called for the creation of alternative, counterculture institutions such as food co-ops, underground newspapers, and free clinics; believed these cooperative institutions would spread until they supplanted the existing system

Richard Nixon

Elected by a narrow margin, expanded the welfare state, improved relations with the USSR and China, established new federal agencies, conservative aim, spent lavishly on social services and environmental initiatives, affirmative action

Federal Agencies established by Nixon

1. Environmental Protection Agency

2. Occupational Safety and Health Administration

3. National Transportation Safety Board

Affirmative Action Programs

programs to upgrade minority employment; Nixon sought to use these programs as a means to combat inflation by weakening the influence of labor unions in trades

The Burger Court

Supreme Court taken over in 1969 by Warren Burger, was an expected conservative but expanded much of the Warren Court's Jurisprudence (liberal); decided Roe v. Wade and US v. Nixon and established the busing tool to achieve integration in Boston

Title IX (1972)

banned gender discrimination in higher education; Equal Credit Opportunity Act created more employment opportunities

Nixons Foreign Policy

undermined governments that seemed to endanger US strategic or economic interests but decreased Cold War tensions; realist (more interested in power and preferred stability to conflict), thought to be soft on communism

Why did Nixon fix relations with China and the USSR?

Nixon hoped that better relations with the Soviets would pressure North Vietnam to end the Vietnam War on terms acceptable to America. Nixon also realized that China had its own interests, separate from those Soviets, and would soon by a major world power.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

one of the US and USSR landmark arms control treaties that capped each countries arsenal of intercontinental ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

one of the US and USSR landmark arms control treaties that banned the development of systems for intercepting income missiles

Nixons Détente

It began in 1969, as a foreign policy of U.S. presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford; a "thawing out" or "un-freezing" at a period roughly in the middle of the Cold War, in efforts to avoid the collision of nuclear risks; started by Nixon and Brezhnev to peacefully coexist and replace Cold War hostility

Vietnamization (1969)

Nixons plant to end the Vietnam War; US troops would gradually be withdrawn and South Vietnamese troops backed by US bombing would take up combat

Pentagon Papers

a classified government report traced US involvement in Vietnam back to WWII and showed how multiple presidents had misled the American public about it

War Powers Act 1973

passed after the Pentagon Papers; limited the president's authority by requiring congressional approval for the deployment of troops overseas

Paris Peace Agreement

an agreement between North Vietnam, South Vietnam, and the U.S. to end the war and restore peace in Vietnam; was signed on January 1973

How did the Vietnam War affect America?

military, political, and social disaster; horrible defeat (military deaths), heavy cost, and decreased Americans' confidence in their institutions, ideals, and government

Plumbers

special investigative unit established by Nixon after the pentagon papers were published to gather information about Daniel Ellsberg, the former government official who had leaked the papers to the press (raided his office)

Watergate Scandal 1973

five former employees of Nixons committee were caught breaking into the Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate complex. Washington Post Journalists revealed that persons close to Nixon had ordered the operation and tried to cover up his involvement. The House Judiciary Committee voted Nixon be impeached for conspiracy to obstruct justice, leading to Nixon's resign

The end of the Golden Age

• slow economic growth

• high inflation

• trade deficit by 1971

-1980 almost all goods produced in the US were competing with foreign-made products

• number of manufacturing workers declined

-Vietnam War produced higher federal deficits

• Nixon removed Us from the gold standard destabilized world economy

-Israel conflict hiked price of oil and suspended exports

-stagflation

Beleaguered Social Compact

corporations faced with declining profits and rising overseas competition eliminated well-paid manufacturing jobs; led to the growth of Sunbelt cities (will affect conservatism) and devastating effects on industrial cities

Gerald Ford

appointed to replace Nixon; encouraged Americans to spend less and save more to build money for investment, called for tax cuts and less government financial regulation (WIN-Whip Inflation Now)

Jimmy Carter

Democratic candidate who won against Ford; sought to make the government more efficient, protect the environment, improve the moral character of politics, supported black aspirations, advocated for nuclear power as a means to reduce dependence on foreign oil; viewed inflation, not unemployment, as US main economic problem

Three Mile Island

1979 - A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation and stopped the industrys expansion

Carters Foreign Policy

believed US policy should move away from Cold War assumptions and instead combat Third World Poverty, prevent the spread of nuclear weapons, and promote human rights; however, he poured billions into defense and supported allies with records of human rights violations

Camp David Accords (1979)

agreement reached between the leaders of Israel and Egypt after protracted negotiations brokered by President Carter

Iran Crisis

iran was a major supplier of oil and importer of US military equipment. Carters 1977 visit in support of the Shah, inspired a more militant opposition and soon a popular revolution overthrew the ruler. This power shift had long-term consequences for America as opponents invaded the embassy and seized dozens of hostages

Afghanistan Conflict

The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 led Carter to announce the Carter Doctrine and retaliate against the USSR with boycotts and withdrawal from nuclear arms treaties; US began to give money to Islamic fundamentalist rebels, giving rise to the Taliban

Carter Doctrine

declared the US would use military force, if necessary, to protect its interests in the Persian Gulf

Neo-Conservatives

turned against the federal government and liberalism, citing a decline in moral standards and respect for authority; they wanted to end welfare, decrease taxes and regulations, and return to the fight against the Cold War

Religious Fundamentalism 1970s

expanded the conservative base; evangelical churches experience growth and Christians demanded the reversal of Supreme Court decisions that banned prayer in schools, protected the principle of separation of church and state as well as free speech, and legalized abortion

The Moral Majroty

a group created to wage war against sin and elect pro-life, pro-family, and pro-American candidates

ERA Divisions

to its supporters, the ERA guaranteed women's freedom in the public sphere. to its opponents, freedom for women meant their roles as wives and mothers; this stopped the ratification of the law

Tax Revolt

the economic crisis supported lower taxes as conservatives welcomed tax cuts as a way to both enhance profits and reduce government resources, thereby preventing the introduction of new social programs and reducing existing ones; as wage increases were cancelled by inflation and stagflation, families found the taxes burdensome. conservatives ran a successful campaign to ban further increases in property taxes

Reagans Election

• 1980

• conservatism

-promises to end stagflation and restore confidence

• appealed to white backlash against civil rights

• supported states rights

-won support of family values and religious conservatives

• make freedom of the domain the of right in American politics

Abortion Controversy

pro-life advocates believe life begins at conception and abortion nothing less than murder. pro-choice advocates believe women's right to control her body includes the right to safe and legal abortion.

Ronald Reagan

excellent public speaker due to optimism and affability to appeal to Americans; made conservatism seem progressive, freedom became watchword, reshaped the nations agenda and political language

Reaganomics

• reduced taxes for the wealthy and shifted America away from gradual income taxes

• appointed conservatives to regulatory agencies

• supply-side economics

• began an era of hostility between government and labor unions, inspiring many employers to launch anti-union efforts

-created severe recession before the economic expansion, inflation decrease, and stock market rise

-national debt tripled

Supply-Side Economics

relied on heavy interest rates to curb inflation and lower tax rates for business and the wealthy to stimulate private investment. this policy assumed that cutting taxes would motivate Americans across all income levels to work harder and lead to higher government revenues despite lower tax rates as the economy would grow and increase business profits

Economic Inequality

Reagans policies, deindustrialization, and rising stock prices contributed. most aAmericans spent their income not on productive investments and charity but on luxury goods, real estate, and corporate buyouts that often led to plant closings. middle-class income stagnated and the income of the poorest declined

Just Say No Campaign

launched by the Reagan administration to campaign against illegal drug use, but failed to stop the spread of crack

Reagan and the Cold War

Reagan revived the Cold War and denounced the USSR and started the most significant military build-up in history. he sought to reassert America's global influence and pressed NATO into deploying short-range nuclear weapons in Europe. The renewed arms race and talk of winning. a nuclear war spread alarm and fear around the world and started mass movements against the nuclear arms development. Reagan abandoned Carters emphasis on human rights and affirmed that he US should support authoritarian anti-communist regimes

Iran-Contra Affair

In 1984, Congress banned military aid to the Contras. Reagan secretly authorized the sale of arms to Iran to get the release of American hostages held by Islamic groups in the middle east. However, the director of CIA diverted funds from the arms sale to purchase military supplies for the Contras, in defiance of the Congress. The scheme was exposed to the media and hearings were held that undermined the public's confidence in Reagan

Reagans second term

softened his anti-communist stance and established good relations with the Soviet Premier Gorbachev with serious talks of arms control

Reagans Legacy

contradictions of modern conservatism; Reagan Revolution undermined conservative values by inspiring speculation, business mergers, and investors to pursue profits. Deindustrialization, unemployment, and downward pressure on wages all threatened local traditions and family stability, and undermined a shared sense of national purpose by expanding income and wealth inequality.

George H. W. Bush

won the 1988 election and talked about a new world order

The Gulf War

began in 1990 with Iraq invaded and annexed Kuwait, an oil-rich area in the Persian Gulf, that supplied the US with oil. Bush sent troops to defend Kuwait and warned Iraq to withdraw from the country or face war. Bush also assembled a large coalition of nations to wage the war, won UN support, and sent US troops to the region. US forces drove the Iraqi from Kuwait and won quickly.

1991 recession

unemployment jumped and family income stagnated. widespread unease about Americans future gripped the public and Clinton secured the vote in the election, blaming rising inequalities and job loss on deindustrialization

Bill Clinton

• appointed several women and blacks to government positions

• raised taxes on the wealthy and expanded tax credits for low-income workers, decreasing poverty rate

• NAFTA

• Balanced the budget and produced budget surpluses through economic growth

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 1993

established a free-trade zone encompassing Canada, the US, and Mexico

Freedom Revolution

Republican won control of both houses in Congress during the 1994 election. Campaign leader devised a platform called the Contract with America, promising to reduce government spending, lower taxes, and reform economic and environmental regulations, overhaul the military, and end affirmative action. The House made cuts to social, educational, and environmental programs

Triangulation

Clintons strategy to win the 1996 election to embrace the most popular Republican policies while rejecting those unpopular among the middle class; declared that the era of big government was over

The Computer Revolution

1990s hailed the birth of a new economy in which computers and the internet would create enormous new efficiencies and the production and sale of information would replace manufacturing as the center of the US economy. microchips made possible a wave of new consumer produces in the 1980s and 1990s. computers changed private life and produced local economic booms as well as expanded the flow of info and communication

The Stock Market Boom and Bust of 2000

economic growth sparked a frenzied stock market boom as investors poured funds into stocks. However, stocks suffered their most significant one-day drop in history and stock prices declined for three consecutive years, resulting in billions of dollars in Americans' net worth and pension funds being wiped out. sectors most affected by the scandals were deregulated

Immigration Rise

by 2000 there were 33 million foreign-born individuals; this influx of immigrants changed the country's religious and racial map. many immigrants moved quickly into outlying neighborhoods and suburbs, breaking cultural and racial diversity to homogenous communities. however, the US experienced divisions from the intensification of these identities; Latinos were the largest new ethnic group; multiracial imagery spread and inter-racial marriage became more accepable