AP: Unit 3

Renaissance [Time]

1300s-1600s

Renaissance

Rebirth of art and literature

Humanism

A belief that emphasizes faith and optimism in human potential and creativity

Secular

Non-religious; wordly

Vernacular

Everyday language of ordinary people

Patron

a person who provides financial support for the arts

Skepticism

An attitude of doubt; question everything

Printing Press

15th century invention which revolutionized the ability to print information.

Printing Press Social Impact

More people could read and write, new ideas spread quickly

Renaissance [Location]

Italy

Theocentric

having God as a central focus

Literacy

the ability to read and write

Reform

change

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement that resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Martin Luther

German priest who led the Reformation

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church.

95 Theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church in 1517.

John Calvin

Religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

Predestination

The belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power.

Henry VIII of England

Launched the English Reformation. Allowed the Bible to be printed in English legally for the first time.

Anglican Church

Church of England created by Henry VIII when the Pope would not let him divorce his wife.

Church of England

Anglican Church created by Henry VIII when the Pope would not let him divorce his wife.

Turmoil

Great commotion and confusion

Gunpowder Empires [Names]

The Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, and Mughal Empire

Ottoman Empire Location

Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa

Safavid Empire Location

Modern-day Iran and parts of surrounding countries.

Mughal Empire Location

Present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, e

Gunpowder Empire [Definition]

an empire formed by outside conquerors who unified the regions that they conquered through their mastery of firearms

Akbar the Great

The most famous Muslim ruler of India during the period of Mughal rule. Famous for his religious tolerance.

Sikhism

Monotheistic religion founded in northern India that combines elements of Hinduism and Islam

Shogun

Japanese military leader who held power during the feudal period.

Tokugawa Shogunate

The last feudal Japanese military government characterized by a strict social order and isolationist foreign policies.

Russian Empire

Vast territory expansion in Russia

Spanish Inquistion

Purpose was to root our the heretics in Spain.

Heritics

Non believers of Catholicism

Council of Trent

A council of the Catholic Church held between 1545 and 1563 to address issues of reform and clarify Catholic doctrine in response to the Protestant Reformation.

Jesuits

A religious order founded to spread Catholicism and combat the Protestant Reformation through education and missionary work.

Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits, he emphasized education and spiritual discipline.

Simony

The buying or selling of ecclesiastical offices or privileges, considered a sin in the Catholic Church.

Inquisition

Questioning of people’s beliefs that often involved torture and punishments.

Gunpowder Empires

A term referring to three powerful empires in the early modern period—Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal—that utilized gunpowder technology to expand their territories and consolidate power.

Bureaucracy

A system of government characterized by hierarchical organization and a set of rules and procedures.

Decentralized Government

government where power is distributed among various regional or local authorities rather than concentrated in a central authority.

Centralized Government

a system where power is concentrated in a central authority, allowing for uniform decision-making and administration.