HMW Midterm Review Simple

History of the Modern World Midterm Review... made by qhe

Humanism

an intellectual movement that focused on the Greek and Roman culture; also focused on worldly subjects rather than religious ones

Patron

a rich person of power that helped financially support the arts

Perspective

an artistic technique used to add a 3D effect on paintings

Florence

the city known as the center of the Italian Renaissance

Michelangelo

a sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet; Extremely famous painter and architect; Renaissance man

Machiavelli

author of The Prince, a book on how the ideal ruler rules

Indulgence

paying this would supposedly lessen the time a person spent in purgatory (takes away the sins of a person)

Martin Luther

a German religious reformer that nailed 92 reasons why the church was corrupt- started protestant reformation

Reformation

a supposedly positive change in society

Counter-Reformation

the act of going against reformation- slowing the progress of reformation

Inquisition

the part of the church that targeted "nonbelievers" and tortured/executed them

Galileo- an astronomer put under house arrest for challenging the church's geocentric theory

Divine Right

The idea that a ruler was given permission to rule by God

Philip II

A catholic king that inherited the throne from Charles V

Tried to stem Protestant tide

ruled as absolute monarch

Huguenots

French Protestants

Henry IV

Catholic king (was huguenot)- issued treaty of nantes to protect huguenots

Louis XIV

French king that focused on increasing royal power

absolute monarch

English Civil war

War between nobles and commoners (cavaliers and round-heads) commoners won and Charles I executed

england became a republic

Glorious revolution

James I, a catholic monarch is forced to flee England

no blood is shed

English bill of rights

a document the monarchs after the glorious revolution were forced to sign- gave parliament much more power

oligarchy

form of government in which multiple people rule

peace of westphalia

A series of treaties that ended the Thirty yrs of war

Maria Theresa

Woman emperor of the Hapsburg empire- ended up preserving the empire

Thirty Years War

A series of wars caused by the protestant revolution

catholics tried to fight back against the protestants

Westernization

the process of making a nation more like the modern european nations

peter the great

russian emperor that westernized his country and expanded russia's borders

catherine the great

russian empress that continued some of peter's work

acquired first warm-water port for russia

versailles

palace built by louis XIV to demonstrate french power

used up lots of money and contributed to France's national debt

John Locke

people are naturally good

Laissez-Faire

economic style that prevents government intervention

Adam Smith

enlightenment thinker that advocated laissez-faire economics and wrote the wealth of nations

Philosophes

intellectuals during the enlightenment

Voltaire

enlightenment thinker that introduced the enlightenment with liberal and natural views of European leaders

Rousseau

philosopher that wrote about social contracts between the government and the people

Enlightened Despots

rulers that have advocated/tolerated enlightenment ideas

Thomas Jefferson

american politician that wrote the declaration of independence

Popular Sovereignty

the ability for the majority to vote

Montesquieu

philosopher that wrote on the separation of powers

Bill of rights

first 10 amendments of the constitution

ancient regime

the prerevolution era of france

bourgeoisie

the middle class of france

business owners of the third estate

estates-general

committee of the three estates that the king used to make political descisions

causes of the french revolution

various political, social, and economic events that caused the french revolution

olympe de gouges

french bourgeoisie that wrote for women's rights

wrote declaration of the rights of women

executed by jacobins

sans culottes

common people of the lower classes (French)

declaration of the rights of man

document drafted in revolution era to declare rights of all male citizens

stages of the revolution

society divided; early revolution; radical era; age of napoleon

robespierre

head of french committee of public safety and caused many of the deaths in the reign of terror

secular

non-religious parts

reign of terror

time period in which anyone thought to have supported the monarchs before the french revolution was executed

guillotine

a device used to swiftly and efficiently decapitate prisoners condemned for death

napoleon

french dictator/emperor that conquered much of europe

napoleonic code

laws made by napoleon to give equal rights to all citizens

napoleonic wars

series of conflicts caused by napoleon to increase france's power

congress of vienna

conference of european ambassadors on settling the future boundaries of europe