AP Art History Unit 4: Later Europe and Americas

Form:

- style: enlightenment

-baroque: billowing red curtain

-oil on canvas

Content:

-typical nun looks

-surrounded by books (educated)

-nun=sor

-wearing a shield

-has painting of Virgin Mary

-hold St. Jerome's translation of the Bible (her religious order is named after him)

-toys with rosary in her left hand

-gaze directly at viewer

-red curtains shows higher status

-woman taking on the clergy

Function:

-conveys religious and intellectual status

-feminist

Context:

-artist: Miguel Cabrera

-1750 CE

-location: Mexico City

99. Portrait of Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz

Form:

-Tenebrism now used in secular aspects (mimicking Caravaggio)

-Chiaroscuro: contrast between light and dark

Content:

-orrery: model of the solar system (heliocentric)

-philosopher explain something to people in painting (education is sacred)

Function:

-introduction to science

-celebrates access to knowledge

-shift from religion to science

-philosophical groups emerging

Context:

-1763-1765 CE

-artist: Joseph Wright of Derby

100. A Philosopher Giving a Lecture on the Orrery

Form:

-style: Rococo- love, pastels, aristocracy, arabesques, delicate paint application

-oil on canvas

Content:

-ideal love gardens with sculptures

-cupid whispering

-attendant swinging her=elite

-foot with expensive shoe

-French garden

-"peeping tom" in lower left

Function:

-made for aristocrats to decorate buildings

-show the pleasures and decadence enjoyed by the elite

Context:

-1767 CE (18th century)

-artist: Jean-Honore Fragonard

-Enlightenment

101. The Swing

Form:

-classical and enlightenment ideals (neoclassical) combining Italian Renaissance and French Classical architecture

-domestic

-symmetrical

-brick, glass, stone, wood

Content:

-expresses American virtue of a Republic through architecture

-two column deep extended portico that support triangular pediment decorated by a semicircular window (doric columns)

-shallow dome

Function:

-plantation house for Jefferson

Context:

-Virginia, USA 1768-1809

-Romanticism/Classicism on the rise

102. Monticello

Form:

-neoclassical (physicality and intense emotions)

-dramatic, rhetorical gestures

-geometric forms with the contrasting curvy formed women

-single light shined upon them at the heightened drama of the scene

Content:

-"what are you willing to die for?"

-3 brothers saluting towards the swords which are held by their father (take oath to defend Rome)

-woman grieving in back ground because they have to deal with consequences of war (either lose husband or their bro)

-sacrifice oneself for good

Function:

-challenge aristocracy

Context:

-Jacques-Louis David 1784 (before the revolution)

-commissioned by King of France

103. The Oath of the Horatii

Form:

-contrapposto

-neoclassicism (influenced by essence of Greek art as opposed to Rococo)

-realistic

-idealistic

Content:

-captured the duality of Washington (private citizen and public soldier)

-bundle of 13 rods (symbolizes not only power but strength found through unity

Function:

-commemorate momentous occasion after the revolutionary war

Context:

-artist: Jean-Antoine Houdon (commissioned by Jefferson)

-1788-92 CE made by foreigner

104. George Washington

Form:

-oil on canvas

-portrait

-light brushwork and colors (Rococo style)

-Enlightenment

Content:

-shows her in process of creating the self portrait of Marie Antoinette (she was her court painter)

-holding palette and paint brush (showing she is skilled)

-interrupts her but she welcomes the interruption

Function:

-shows that she is a painter

-several different version

Context:

-artist: Elizabeth Louise Vigee Le Brun

-1790 CE, Rococo-Neoclassicism (in between)

105. Self Portrait

Form:

-style: romanticism (challenging power and oppression)

-etching, drypoint

Content:

-part of series of 82 called Disasters of War

-what human beings capable of

-government misuse of power on helpless victims

-man is blindfolded with head down tied to wooden pole (christ-like)

-recently deceased corpse with extreme detail of his grotesque face (behind body on pole is a dead body on pole)

Function:

-pictures the atrocities of war

-visual indictment and protest against French occupation of Spain

Context:

-publish 1863, made 1810-1823 CE

-artist: Francisco Goya (trained by Rococo)

106. Y no hai remedio (And There's Nothing To Be Done)

Form:

-romanticism (exoticism)

-classical figure

-proportions are messed up

-oil on canvas

Content:

-physically unreal body

-peacock fan, turban, enormous pearls, hookah (eroticism based on exotic content)

Function:

-what a French male's fantasy would look like

Context:

-artist: Jean-Auguste-Dominque Ingres (court painter for Napoleon

-1814 CE

107. La Grande Odalisque

Form:

-romanticism

-seems as though it is overpowered by chaos but filled with subtle order

-oil on canvas

Content:

-people of both the working class and middle class join in the fight against the government

-lady carrying the French flag meant to serve as an allegory, in this case a moral or political idea of Liberty (looking back to make sure people are following, represents an idea)

-background: Notre Dame

Function:

-allow us to believe anyone can be a revolutionary

Context:

-artist: Eugen Delacroix

-1830 CE

108. Liberty Leading the People

Form:

-romanticism

-Manifest Destiny

-not based of a real place

-oil on canvas

Content:

-reverence for nature

-filled with life

-based on real life area

-divides the painting into two unequal sections

-one shows sublime view of land untouched by man (wild, untamed)

-other side shows land humankind has taken over (overtaken by agriculture)

-self portrait of himself wandering

Function:

-landscape painting

-shows respect for nature

Context:

-Northampton, Massachusetts

-artist: Thomas Cole (leader of Hudson River School)

-1836 CE (19th century)

109. The Oxbow

Form:

-classical art

-daguerreotypes record precise detail

-photography

Function:

-elevate photography to art

Content:

-reversed image

-long exposure and can't record movement

-upstairs underneath the skylight due to no flash

-fills his photos with plaster casts (angels)

Context:

-artist: Louis Jacques Maude Daguerre

-1837 CE (earliest dated photography)

110. Still Life in Studio

Form:

-romanticism (sublime)

-combines a beautiful and horrible scene together

-rich colors

-loose brushwork

-oil on canvas

Content:

-beautiful seascape looking at first but if u look close you see slaves drowning and being eaten alive

-disease breaks out on ship and overthrows all the dead and sick overboard so they can get insurance (money is motivator for what they did)

Function:

-political and social activist piece

Context:

-artist: Joseph Mallord William Turner

-1840 CE

-inspired by a book

111. Slave Ship

Form:

-Hammer Beam Construction in the Westiminster Hall

-Romanticism

-classical building with a Gothic exterior, Gothic revival

-limestone, masonry, glass

Content:

-central lobby

-westiminster hall (oldest section)

Function:

-where the House of Lords and Commons meet

-rebuilt because a fire burned down old palace that was originally there

Context:

-London, England

-architect: Charles Barry

-designer: Augustus Pugin

-1840-70 CE

112. Palace of Westminster

Form:

-Realism (anti-heroism

-oil on canvas/chunky

-rough brushwork

-against neoclassical style that dominated French art

-dark palette

Content:

-young and old man

-faceless men doing painful work that will neber get them out of poverty

-this owrk is punishment for chain gangs

-rock=faces

Function:

-"painting of nothing"

-cycle of poverty

-works: economically and physically trapped

-accurate display of abuse and deprivation that was common in French rural life

Context:

-1849 (destroyed during bombing of Dresden in 1942)

-artist: Gustave Courbet (prolific artist)

113. Stone Breakers

Form:

-lithograph: process of making a design on ston eblock with greasy crayon, ink applied to wet stone and stick to greasy parts to make a print (cheap way)

-Realism

Content:

-Nadar- awkward photographer/businessman on high and attempting to raise photography to high art (takes first aerial shots of France

Function:

-make lithographs as a new mass media print method

-crave of art in Paris

-new kind of photography

Context:

-artist: Honore Daumier

-made 6000+ lithographs

-satirist, uses caricatures

-1862, Paris

-published in Le Boulevard

114. Nadar Raising Photography to the Height of Art