Flashcard Set: Latin Grammar & Vocabulary from Cincinnatus Passage

🃏 Q: What is the case and function of hostēs?

✅ A: Nominative Plural – Subject of appropinquāverant

🃏 Q: What is the case and function of urbī Rōmae?

✅ A: Dative Singular – With appropinquāverant (verb of approach)

🃏 Q: What is the case and function of cōnsulēs?

✅ A: Nominative Plural – Subject of creābant

🃏 Q: What is the case and function of Cincinnātum?

✅ A: Accusative Singular – Direct object of creāvērunt

🃏 Q: What is the tense and translation of appropinquāverant?

✅ A: Pluperfect – They had approached

🃏 Q: What is the tense and translation of dissentiēbant?

✅ A: Imperfect – They were disagreeing

🃏 Q: What is the tense and translation of superāvit?

✅ A: Perfect – He/She/It overcame

🃏 Q: What is the tense and translation of negābō?

✅ A: Future – I will deny

✅ A: dum perīculum manēbat – "While the danger remained"

🃏 Q: Identify an ablative of time when in the passage.

✅ A: bellō – "By war" (Ablative of means with adiuvābat)

🃏 Q: Identify an ablative of means in the passage.

✅ A: virtūtem praeclārum – "Outstanding virtue" (Implies manner with propter)

🃏 Q: What is an ablative of manner in the passage?

✅ A: imperium gesserat – "He had held power" (Duration of time in office)

🃏 Q: Identify an accusative of time duration in the passage.

🃏 Q: What is the case and function of cōpiās in Hostēs cōpiās Rōmānās obsīdēbant?

✅ A: Accusative Plural – Direct object of obsīdēbant

🃏 Q: What is the case and function of Poenī in Poenī ā Rōmānīs superātī erant?

✅ A: Nominative Plural – Subject of superātī erant

🃏 Q: What is the case and function of Rōmānīs in Poenī ā Rōmānīs superātī erant?

✅ A: Ablative Plural – Ablative of personal agent (with ā)

🃏 Q: What is the case and function of Hannibal in flōrēbat inter eōs dux praeclārus audaxque, nōmine Hannibal?

✅ A: Nominative Singular – Subject of flōrēbat

🃏 Q: What is the case and function of Saguntum in Hannibal maximīs copiīs Saguntum obsessit?

✅ A: Accusative Singular – Direct object of obsessit

🃏 Q: What is the case and function of Fabium in dictātōrem creāvērunt Q. Fabium?

✅ A: Accusative Singular – Predicate accusative (with creāvērunt)

🃏 Q: What is the tense and translation of superātī erant?

✅ A: Pluperfect Passive – "They had been defeated"

🃏 Q: What is the tense and translation of flōrēbat?

✅ A: Imperfect – "He was flourishing"

🃏 Q: What is the tense and translation of obsessit?

✅ A: Perfect – "He besieged"

🃏 Q: What is the tense and translation of dūxit in cōpiās suās ex Hispāniā trāns Alpēs dūxit?

✅ A: Perfect – "He led"

🃏 Q: What is the tense and translation of āmīsit in omnēs praeter ūnum in montibus altīs āmīsit?

✅ A: Perfect – "He lost"

🃏 Q: What is the tense and translation of coepērunt in Rōmānī iūsta proelia vitāre coepērunt?

✅ A: Perfect – "They began"

🃏 Q: What is the tense and translation of commisit in proelium cum hostibus prope Cannās commisit?

✅ A: Perfect – "He engaged (in battle)"

✅ A: Poenī ā Rōmānīs superātī erant – "The Carthaginians had been defeated by the Romans"

🃏 Q: Identify an ablative of personal agent in the passage.

✅ A: summā cum difficultāte – "With the greatest difficulty"

🃏 Q: Identify an ablative of means in the passage.

✅ A: summā cum difficultāte – "With the greatest difficulty" (With cum, showing manner)

🃏 Q: Identify an ablative of manner in the passage.

✅ A: postquam Fabius imperium dēposuit – "After Fabius laid down power"

🃏 Q: Identify an ablative of time when in the passage

✅ A: VIII legiones amiserat – "He had lost eight legions" (Shows duration/extent of loss)

🃏 Q: Identify an accusative of time duration in the passage.

🃏 Q: Identify an accusative direct object in proelium cum hostibus prope Cannās commisit.

✅ A: proelium – "He engaged in battle"

🃏 Q: What is the case and function of Varrōnem in Senātōrēs autem Varrōnem nōn culpāvērunt?

✅ A: Accusative Singular – Direct object of culpāvērunt

🃏 Q: What was the significance of Punic?

✅ A: It refers to Carthaginian culture and people, derived from the Latin Poenus, meaning Phoenician.

🃏 Q: Who were the Poeni?

✅ A: The Latin term for the Carthaginians, emphasizing their Phoenician ancestry.

🃏 Q: Why was Sicilia (Sicily) important in the Punic Wars?

✅ A: It was a strategic naval base; Rome seized it after the First Punic War.

🃏 Q: Why were Corsica & Sardinia significant?

✅ A: Rome took these islands from Carthage after a rebellion weakened Carthaginian control.

🃏 Q: Why was Hispania (Spain) important to Carthage?

✅ A: It provided Carthage with wealth, soldiers, and resources, becoming their military stronghold.

🃏 Q: What was Saguntum, and why was it important?

✅ A: A Roman ally in Spain attacked by Hannibal in 219 BC, triggering the Second Punic War.

🃏 Q: What was the Flumen Iberus (Ebro River) Treaty?

✅ A: A treaty limiting Carthaginian expansion north of the river, which Hannibal violated by attacking Saguntum.

🃏 Q: What were the Montes Pyrenaei (Pyrenees Mountains)?

✅ A: A mountain range Hannibal crossed to enter Gaul on his way to Italy.

🃏 Q: What were the Montes Alpes (Alps Mountains)?

✅ A: The nearly impassable mountains Hannibal crossed with war elephants, shocking Rome.

🃏 Q: What happened at the Flumen Trebbia (Trebbia River) in December 218 BC?

✅ A: Hannibal lured the Romans into crossing a freezing river, then ambushed them with hidden troops.

🃏 Q: What happened at Lacus Trasimenus (Lake Trasimene) in June 217 BC?

✅ A: Hannibal used fog to ambush and completely annihilate a Roman army.

🃏 Q: What happened at Cannae in August 216 BC?

✅ A: Hannibal executed a double envelopment, surrounding and destroying a massive Roman force.

🃏 Q: What happened at the Metaurus River in Spring 207 BC?

✅ A: The Romans intercepted and killed Hasdrubal, preventing reinforcements from reaching Hannibal.

🃏 Q: When and why was Hannibal recalled in 204 BC?

✅ A: Carthage called him back to defend the homeland against Scipio Africanus, leading to the final battle.

🃏 Q: What happened at Zama in October 202 BC?

✅ A: Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal, forcing Carthage to surrender and end the Second Punic War.

🃏 Q: Who was Hamilcar Barca?

✅ A: Hannibal’s father, a brilliant general who expanded Carthaginian power in Spain after the First Punic War.

🃏 Q: Who was Hannibal Barca?

✅ A: Carthaginian general who led the famous invasion of Italy and masterminded victories like Cannae.

🃏 Q: Who was Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus "Cunctator"?

✅ A: A Roman general who avoided direct battles with Hannibal, earning the nickname "The Delayer" (Cunctator).

🃏 Q: Who was P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior?

✅ A: The Roman general who defeated Hannibal at Zama, securing victory in the Second Punic War.

🃏 Q: What is the dictionary entry for confirmō?

✅ A: confirmō, confirmāre, confirmāvī, confirmātum – to strengthen, establish, confirm

🃏 Q: What is the dictionary entry for capiō?

✅ A: capiō, capere, cēpī, captum – to take, capture, seize

🃏 Q: What is the dictionary entry for vitō?

✅ A: vitō, vitāre, vitāvī, vitātum – to avoid

🃏 Q: What is the dictionary entry for dūcō?

✅ A: dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum – to lead

🃏 Q: What is the dictionary entry for occīdō?

✅ A: occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsum – to kill

🃏 Q: What is the dictionary entry for amittō?

✅ A: amittō, amittere, amīsī, amissum – to lose

🃏 Q: What is the dictionary entry for cibus?

✅ A: cibus, cibī (m.) – food

🃏 Q: What is the dictionary entry for consilium?

✅ A: consilium, consiliī (n.) – plan, advice, counsel

🃏 Q: What is the dictionary entry for difficultās?

✅ A: difficultās, difficultātis (f.) – difficulty

🃏 Q: What is the dictionary entry for dux?

✅ A: dux, ducis (m./f.) – leader, general

🃏 Q: What is the dictionary entry for omnis?

✅ A: omnis, omnis, omne – all, every

🃏 Q: What is the dictionary entry for brevis?

✅ A: brevis, brevis, breve – short, brief

🃏 Q: What is the dictionary entry for fīdelis?

✅ A: fīdelis, fīdelis, fīdele – faithful, loyal

🃏 Q: What is the dictionary entry for par?

✅ A: par, par, par (gen. paris) – equal

🃏 Q: What is the dictionary entry for audax?

✅ A: audax, audax, audax (gen. audācis) – bold, daring

🃏 Q: What is the meaning of praeter (prep.) + acc?

✅ A: Beyond, except

🃏 Q: What is the meaning of iustum proelium?

✅ A: A just/formal battle

🃏 Q: What is the meaning of grātiās agō?

✅ A: I give thanks

🃏 Q: What is the meaning of victoriam reportō?

✅ A: I win a victory

🃏 Q: What is the meaning of proelium committere?

✅ A: To begin battle

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