developmental psychology exam 4

LAST ONE !!! LETS KILL IT !!

Adolescence

Adolescence

• puberty through the first few years of early childhood

• 11-19

Adrenarche

• adrenal gland change

• two years before puberty begins, the adrenal glands undergo hormonal changes and start secreting androgens, such as DHEA

Gonadarche

• rapid physical change

Menarche

first menstrual cycle (female)

typically ages 9-15

spermarche

first ejaculation (male)

typically ages 10-17

physical characteristics of puberty

• growth spurt in height and weight

• develop primary and secondary sex characteristics

primary sex characterisitcs

changes to reproductive organs (testes and ovaries)

secondary sex characteristics

changes to the body that signal sexual maturity (facial and body hair, voice changes, breast development, etc. )

Androgrens

• testosterone-secreted primarily in male testes

estrogen

estradiol-secreted from female ovaries

HPG Axis

first activation when sex is assigned and then reactivated during puberty

hypothalamus

• brain structure that controls eating, drinking, and sex drive

• interacts with the pituitary gland that regulate the bodys hormones

pituitary gland

• produces growth hormones and sends them to testes and ovaries

• produces thyroid-stimulating hormone and sends it to the thyroid gland

• also sends hormones to the adrenal gland

thyroid gland

sits on the low neck and influences growth

adrenal gland

located on top of each kidney

gonads

testes and ovaries. strongly involved in the development of secondary sex characteristics

pubertal timing

• pubertal timing is encoded in our genes

• however, is starting to be earlier and earlier

body weight Influences on pubertal timing

Girls

• LBW → early onset

• RWG → early onset

• obese→ early onset

Boys

• LBW → small testes

• obese → late onset

environment influences on pubertal timing

• developed countries and urban areas: earlier onset

• home environment- earlier onset associated with: low SES, adoption, family conflict, child abuse, and maternal harshness

male outcomes associated with pubertal timing

early onset: more likely to have good peer status and have good body image

late onset: poor body image and a increased risk for bullying

female outcomes associated with pubertal timing

early onset: increased risk of depression, engaging in risk taking behaviors earlier, poor body image, teenage pregnancy, eating disorders, and less likely to graduate high school

risk taking behaviors

sensation seeking increases from age 10-15 and then remains stable through adulthood.

influences on risk-taking behaviors

more likely to happen

• in places with low social structure

• when adolescents are simply hanging out

less likely to happen

• effective communication between parent and child

• more social programs and structured activities available

• close relationships with mentors.

substance use increases at what age?

10-25

what is the most common substances?

psychoactive drugs

true or false: alcohol and nicotine are psychoactive drugs?

true

drugs activate the reward system in which part of the brain?

limbic system

activation of limbic system is very powerful and overrides which lobe?

frontal lobe

tobacco cigarette use

• peaked in the 1990s

• as of 2018, 81% of 8th graders disapprove of tobacco use

• 23.8% of 12th graders have tried a cigarette in their lifetime (strong cohort effect)

• 1996: 37% of teens reported smoking tobacco, 2016:11%

Is tobacco or e-cigarette use more common

e-cigarette use

e-cigarette use

• 2019: 28% of high schoolers and 10% of middle schoolers reported using e-cigarettes in the past 30 days

• 2020: 20% of high schoolers and 5% of middle schoolers reported using e-cigarettes in the past 30 days

true or false: binge drinking is decreasing

true

true or false: 30% of adolescence have been in a car with a intoxicated driver

true

true or false: 59% of adolscence have had a significant amount of alcohol

true

true or false: 90% of 12th graders say it would be easy for them to access marijuna

true

true or false: marijuana usage becomes less prevelant as age increases

false

true or false: the perceived risk of marijuana usage has declined

true

what are the factors leading to a decrease in marijuana usage?

• positive relationships with parents

• positive identification with parents

what are the factors leading to a increase in marijuana usage?

• negative relationship with parents

• older sibilings use

early substance use can be linked to which factors?

• negative relationships with peers or parents, hanging with the wrong crowd, and low parental monitoring

Best buffer to combat early substance use?

educational success

Do teens use contraceptives?

only 50% of the time

sexual intercourse trends seem to increase with

age

have teen pregnancy rates increased or decreased over time?

decreased

What do teen pregancies end in?

• live birth 61%

• miscarriage 15%

• abortion 25%

Has having a kid while being unmarried increased or decreased over time?

increased

What are the two types of sex ed in the US?

• abstinence only

• comprehensive sex ed

What is adstience only education?

• focus on waiting until marriage

• does not include information about contraceptives or STI prevention

What is comprehensive sex education?

• address the physical, social, emotional, and cognitive aspects of sexual behavior

• includes information about contraceptives and STI prevention

what are the myths about comparative sex education?

• CSE encourages adolescents to engage in sexual activities at an earlier age

• CSE encourages adolescents to have multiple sex partners

• CSE is anti-abstience

true or false:sex education is inclusive?

false

What is a circadian rhythm?

the day-night cycle of biological activity that occurs every 24hrs.

What do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland affect?

Sleep, stress, and appetite

When does a phase delay happen

during puberty

what is a phase delay?

when the wake cycle starts later in the day and the sleep cycle starts later in the day

What tendencys do adolscence have if they experience eveningness?

a genetic tendency for some adolescents to be alert at night and less alert in the morning

how much sleep should adolescents get every night?

at least 8 hours

What are internalizing problems?

problems that are turned inward, within the self

what are externalizing problems?

problems that are turned outward, directed at others

Do depression rates increase or decrease with age?

increase

What does the white matter in the brain mean?

myleinated axons

what does the grey matter in the brain mean?

grey matter

when does the corpus callum undergo growth/thickening?

from adolescence to mid-twenties

What does the corpus callosum do?

communication between lobes

Which part of the brain matures first, prefrontal cortex or limbic system?

limbic system

What do testosterone and estrogen do in the brain?

speed along myelination

what does dopamine cause in the brain?

a increase in reward seeking

what does the hippocampus do?

deals with memory and learning

what does the amygdala do?

deals with emotions

What is intuitive thought?

begins with belief, assumption, general rule, rather than logic. it feels right

what is analytic thought?

formal, logical, hypothetical-deductive reasoning

what kind of thought do adolescence use?

inutitive thought

what is hypotheticial-deductive reasoning?

adolescents can create hypotheses and deduce ways to test their hypotheses

what is hypothetical thought?

• more if-then thoughts

• think about possibilities not reality

• more abstract thinking

what is deductive reasoning?

top down reasoning, begins with specific abstract premise and then uses logic to draw specific conclusions

where do children fall on piagets balance test?

trial and error

where do adolescence fall on piagets balance test?

more thought and logic

What is adolescent egocentrism?

thinking about what others think of them. the belief that others care about them just as much as they care about themselves

what are the three types of egocentric thinking?

imaginary audience, personal fable, and invincibility fable

what is imaginary audience thinking?

thinking one is the center of everyones attention

what is personal fable thinking?

the thought the ones experiences are more important than someone elses

what is invincibility fable thinking?

the thought that death will only happen when it is destined to happen

What is metacognition?

always thinking about thinking

when does metacognition increase?

between the ages of 12 and 14

Are males or females more likely to drop out?

males

What are the three forms of dropout?

push out, pull out, and fall out

what is push out?

when the student is pushed out because of school related issues

what is pull out?

when the student is pulled out of school for personal issues or reasons

what is fall out?

when a student falls out of interest in school

what is vocational education?

where students can gain technical or professional skills in highschool

do extracurriculars have a positive or negative effect on students?

positive effect

is having a job during highschool beneficial for the student?

yes, to a certain point

at what point is it too much to handle a job and school?

if the job is more than 20 hours a week

is conflict between parents and adolescents normal?

yes

What are the themes of self-understanding in adolescence?

abstraction and idealism, differentiation, fluctuation self, contradictions, and real v ideal self.

what is abstraction and idealism?

addition of intangible characteristics to self description

what is differentiation?

realization that the self changes based on context

what is fluctuating self?

slef-concept changes across adolescence

true or false: adolescence include intagibles in their self descriptions

true

what are contradictions within the self?

recognition of inconsitencies in their self-conception in day to day life