UARK Motor Development Ch. 8, 9, 10

Typically, normal static visual acuity of 20/20 is generally attained by 3 years of age

True

Loss of vision in the center of the retina is called macular degeneration

True

The amount of light reaching the retina at age 60 is only about half the amount that reaches the retina at age 20

False

The vestibular system is primarily responsible for detecting acceleration of the head

True

Vision of 20/200 would be considered legally blind, based on the Snellen distance chart

True

Human reflexes are typically initiated in the higher (executive; cortical) brain centers

False

Though infant reflexes are critical during the first year of life, most typically persist throughout childhood in some form

False

Primitive reflexes are those reflexes that are thought to relate to later voluntary movement

False

Infant reflexes can be useful as diagnostic tools to help determine the infant's neurological maturation

True

The palmar grasp reflex is usually one of the last infant reflexes to emerge

False

The symmetric tonic neck reflex is often referred to as the bow and arrow or fencer's position

False

The Babinski reflex is one of the primitive reflexes often evident at birth

True

Stereotypies are rhythmical, patterned, seemingly random movements found in normal, healthy infants

True

Voluntary movement becomes the dominant form of movement midway through the first year of postnatal life

True

Research indicates that self-sitting is an important component for the use of the hands in reaching activities

True

Heavier babies generally crawl earlier than smaller, slimmer proportioned babies

False

A homolateral crawling pattern is characterized by the limbs on the same side simultaneously moving forward and backward (e.g., as the right leg goes forward, so does the right arm)

True

Considerable evidence indicates that babies who walk earlier possess accelerated or more refined motor skills later in life

False

Which of the following is the visual system that identifies stationary objects in the visual field?

Central

The parts of the eye that make color vision and acuity possible are the

Cones

The degree of detail, or "sharpness" of an image that can be seen is referred to as

Acuity

The Snellen eye chart is used to determine

static visual acuity

Clouding of the crystalline lens of the eye is known as

cataracts

As humans age, the drooping of the eyelid

is known as senile ptosis AND can limit vertical peripheral vision

The visual system needed to properly "track" a moving object through space is called the

ocular-motor system

The primary role of the Golgi tendon organs is to

detect tension in the muscle's tendon

People with Romberg's sign disease have a malfunction of the

sensory receptors in the soles of their feet

One of the most common causes of loss of visual acuity among older adults is

macular degeneration

Which of the following is NOT true of wet age-related macular degeneration?

the most prevalent form of (AMD) age-related macular degeneration

Which of the following is the system that allows humans to track fast moving objects?

Saccadic system

Which of the following movements would be classified as locomotion?

Crawling

The three major categories of early voluntary movement cited in the textbook are:

stability, locomotion, and manipulation

The development of unassisted sitting facilitates which of the following?

Better visual location of objects, opportunity for object manipulation, freeing of the hands for reaching and grasping

When does "Phase I" reaching in infancy begin; it is characterized by use of how many hands?

At around 4 months and is characterized by the use on one hand

Which of the following is one of the first major motor locomotor milestones?

Rolling over from belly to back (supine)

According to the CDC's Milestone Checklist, by two months of age, the baby should be able to:

hold head up when on tummy

Which of the following is not true of Primitive reflexes?

balance

Gaining control of the head is a critical developmental achievement because it facilitates later development of:

trunk stability, reaching and grasping, and visual focusing and scanning

A major development for motor skill in babies is the ability to intercept and contact a moving object with the hand. When does this occur?

Around 7-8 months during Phase II Reach and Grasp

babies who can sit independently often demonstrate:

greater manipulative skill, more advance object exploration, and better perception

A form of hands and knees crawling where the limbs on the same side are simultaneously moving forward and backward is known as:

Homolateral crawling

Reflexes are referred to as subcortical for which of the following reasons?

Because they are involuntary, Because they occur unconsiously, Because they are initiated from below the level of the higher brain centers

Which of the following differentiates immature crawl from a mature crawl?

belly and chest elevated from floor

The reflex known as the "bow and arrow", or "fencer's position" reflex is also the precursor to hand-eye coordination.

Asymmetric tonic neck reflex

If this reflex is not integrated (or decoded), it will interfere with the voluntary movement of releasing a ball.

Palmar grasp reflex

Which of the following is an indication of reaching and grasping developing in a proximodistal fashion?

the movement starts from the shoulder, and later develops the flexion of the wrist and fingers

Which of the following is the term for the ability to voluntarily use both hands together to accomplish a movement task

bimanual integration

Which of the following is a major development in the 9-10 month timeframe for infants.

finger and thumb opposition for the pincer grasp

Which of the following differentiates a "movement" from a "motor skill?"

A motor skill is a goal directed activity