Intro to Psychology: Unit 5 Chapter 9

Motivation

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Intrinsic Motivation

Doing something because you enjoy it or find it interesting.

Extrinsic Motivation

Doing something for a reward or to avoid punishment.

Instinct Theory

The theory that behavior is driven by inborn instincts.

Drive-Reduction Theory

The idea that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce physical discomfort and maintain homeostasis.

Drive

A state of tension or physical discomfort (such as hunger or thirst).

Homeostasis

A state of internal balance in the body.

Arousal Theory

The theory that we are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness or excitement.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Performance increases with arousal up to a point, then decreases if arousal is too high.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A pyramid of human needs that must be met from basic to advanced levels.

Physiological Needs

Basic survival needs such as food, water, and sleep.

Safety Needs

Needs for security, protection, and stability.

Love and Belonging Needs

Needs for relationships, friendships, and connection.

Esteem Needs

Needs for self-respect, confidence, and achievement.

Self-Actualization

The desire to reach one's full potential.

Hunger

The body's response to a need for food, influenced by biological and psychological factors.

Ghrelin

A hormone that increases hunger.

Leptin

A hormone that signals fullness and reduces hunger.

Hypothalamus

A brain structure that regulates hunger and eating behavior.

Sexual Motivation

The drive related to sexual activity, influenced by hormones and psychological factors.

Emotion

A complex response involving physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience.

James-Lange Theory

The theory that emotion results from physiological arousal (body reaction comes first).

Cannon-Bard Theory

The theory that emotion and physiological arousal occur at the same time.

Schachter-Singer Theory

The theory that emotion depends on physiological arousal and a cognitive label.

Two-Factor Theory

Another name for the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion.

Facial Feedback Effect

The idea that facial expressions can influence emotional experience.

Universal Emotions

Basic emotions that are recognized worldwide, such as happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust.

Nonverbal Communication

Communication through body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice.

Stress

The process of perceiving and responding to challenges or threats.

Stressors

Events or situations that cause stress.

Catastrophes

Large-scale stressful events such as natural disasters.

Significant Life Changes

Major life events that require adjustment.

Daily Hassles

Small everyday problems that cause stress.

General Adaptation Syndrome

A three-stage response to stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Alarm Stage

The initial reaction to stress, activating the fight-or-flight response.

Resistance Stage

The stage where the body attempts to cope with ongoing stress.

Exhaustion Stage

The stage where the body's resources are depleted, increasing risk of illness.

Psychoneuroimmunology

The study of how stress affects the immune system.

Problem-Focused Coping

Managing stress by dealing directly with the problem.

Emotion-Focused Coping

Managing stress by reducing emotional distress.