health cardiovascular disease notebook

what are the 3 parts of the cardiovascular system?

heart, blood vessels, blood

what are the 3 types of blood vessels?

arteries, veins, and capillaries

what are arteries?

they take blood away from the heart

what are veins?

they bring blood toward the heart

what are capillaries?

they connect the arteries and veins

what are the 4 chambers of the heart?

right/left atriums and ventricles

what does the right atrium do?

receives blood from the vena cava

what does the left atrium do?

receives blood from the pulmonary veins

what does the right ventricle do?

receives blood from the left atriums and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries

what does the left ventricle do?

receives blood from the right atriums and pumps it to the body through the aorta

what does the septum of the heart do?

divides the heart into left and right sides

what are the 3 layers of heart tissue?

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

what is the epicardium?

the outer layer of the heart wall

what is the myocardium?

the middle layer of the heart wall

what is the endocardium?

the inner layer of the heart wall

what are the nodes of the heart?

the SA and AV nodes

what does the SA node do?

begins each heartbeat, it is the pacemaker of the heart

what does the AV node do?

continues each heartbeat

what are the valves of the heart?

the bicuspid, tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, and aortic semilunar valves

where is the tricuspid valve?

located between the right atria and the right ventricle

where is the bicuspid valve?

located between the left atria and the left ventricle

where is the pulmonary semilunar valve?

located between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle

where is the aortic semilunar valve?

located between the aorta and the left ventricle

what is the pericardium?

the outermost membrane of the heart

what is blood pressure?

pressure of blood on the artery walls

what is systolic pressure?

pressure during the contraction of the ventricles

what is diastolic pressure?

pressure during the relaxation of the ventricles

treatments for hypertension

cut down sodium, low fat balanced diet, be active, cut down alcohol, stop smoking, lose weight, cut down caffeine

what is hypertension?

blood vessels have persistent high pressure

what are ACE Inhibitors/ARBs?

inhibitors that reduce blood pressure by relaxing your blood vessels

what are beta blockers?

they reduce blood pressure by making your heart beat more slowly and with less force

what are diuretics?

they work by flushing excess water and salt from the body through your pee

what are calcium channel blockers?

they reduce blood pressure by widening your blood vessels

what is angina?

can occur during times of excitement or physical exertion; severe chest pain

what is a heart attack?

myocardial infarction, occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart is blocked

signs of myocardial infarction

uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, pain that spreads to the shoulders neck or arms, shortness of breath

treatments for myocardial infarction

bypass surgery or angioplasty

what is bypass surgery?

a surgery where a blood vessel is implanted to bypass a clogged coronary artery

what is angioplasty?

the surgical repair of a blood vessel by inserting a balloon-tipped catheter to unblock it

what are arrhythmias?

an irregularity in the heartbeat

what is tachycardia?

racing of the heart in absence of exercise or anxiety

what is bradycardia?

abnormally slow heartbeat

what is congestive heart failure?

when the heart muscle is damaged or overworked and lacks the strength to keep blood circulating normally through the body

what are the causes of congestive heart failure?

rheumatic fever, pneumonia, heart attack, radiation, chemotherapy

what is the most important risk factor to a stroke?

hypertension

what is the number one cause of CVD?

smoking

what is high cholesterol?

having too much fat in the blood

NDL and LDL, which one is good and bad?

NDL = good, LDL = bad

what is obesity?

10 percent above the ideal fat percentage

what is diabetes?

a condition in which blood glucose is inhibited from entering the cell

what is type 1 diabetes?

pancreas produces no insulin

what is type 2 diabetes?

pancreas produces insulin, but the body cells can't use the insulin correctly

how can you reduce your chances of getting type 2 diabetes?

eat a diet high in fiber and aerobic/strength training exercise plan

what is hemoglobin?

protein in red blood cells that allow it to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide/contains iron which helps bind the nucleus to red blood cells

what is anemia?

problem of not having enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the body's tissues (lack of iron)

what are the risk factors of anemia?

poor diet, intentional disorder, chronic disease, infection, being a woman (menstruation/pregnancy)

what is sickle cell anemia?

an inherited disease in which the red blood cells have an abnormal crescent shape, block small blood vessels, and do not last as long as normal red blood cells

what are the causes of anemia?

iron B12 and folate deficiency, early destruction of red blood cells, chronic disease, pregnancy, bone marrow problem, slow blood loss, sudden heavy blood loss

what are the symptoms of anemia?

heavy fatigue, irritability, headaches, loss of appetite, problems concentrating or thinking, numbness or tingling of hands and feet

what are the treatments for anemia?

blood transfusions, corticosteroids, erythropoietin, supplements of iron vitamin B12 folic acid or other vitamins and minerals

what are the iron types?

heme and non heme

what is heme iron?

found in meat, fish, and poultry (30 percent)

what is non heme iron?

found in plants and nuts → (2-10 percent)

how can you get higher absorption rates for iron?

if you eat heme or vitamin c with non heme iron

where is B12 found?

most meat

where is folate found?

most dark leafy greens

what are the factors for CVD?

stress, gender, heredity, race, and age