APHUG UNIT 3

Fred Hiebert

describes geography as “ability to identity regions & put them in context with conflict, history, and culture.”

CULTURE

beliefs, values, practices, values, attitudes, behaviors, technology, all shared and passed down by a society through generations.

Artifacts

physical embodiments that a culture creates (tools, toys, clothes, etc.)

Sociofacts

social structures & organizations (family, gov, edu system, etc.)

Mentifacts

central shared ideas, values, knowledge, and beliefs. Changes slowly. (language & religion)

Popular Culture

wide spread behavior in society at a given time that tends to change

Traditional Culture

long established, slow changing culture, passed gen2gen.

Cultural Norms

standards shared by a group of people.

Ethnocentrism

Cultures evaluating other cultures based on their own beliefs and feeling superior to the other. Discrimination.

Cultural Relativism

Putting aside one’s bias to evaluate a culture on its unique standards. May allow extreme cultural practices.

Syncretism

cultures mixing i.e immigration culture w destination country’s culture

Heritage Language

language leaned primarily from homes, informally.

Cultural Landscapes

natural landscape that’s been shaped by humans, reflects culture

Material expressions are evidence of how people use cultural landscapes to meet needs. Ex. Rice Paddies

How do they Change?

Human processes/factors like tech, industrialization, urbanization, globalization, etc.

Sequent Occupance

Societies leave evidence of human characteristics/expression on a geographic area. (Shapes cultural landscape w layers) ex. New Orleans

Ethnic Neighborhoods

C. landscape w people out of their country of origin

Why do E. Neighborhoods exist?

exclusion, segregation, discrimination, cause minorities to stay together to keep their identity

Traditional Architecture

building styles of different cultures, religions, and places; influenced by environment & reflects localized needs/materials. ex. Adobe, etc.

Modern Architecture

rejected traditional ornamentation for functionalism; clean lines, minimalist, new materials.

Post Modern Architecture

emerged in 1960s against modernism, embraces complex historical narratives to reconnect with culture; after Urban renewal projects.

Religion

system of spiritual beliefs that forms motive of observable cultural behaviors; Upheld even outside home countries; Slowest to change; very connected to ethnicity; Reflected in sociofacts and artifacts

Language

Carrier of thoughts and cultural identity

Toponyms

place names; used to define what is unique about a place (associations)

Linguistic Landscape

send a message w political content; may not be understood by everyone or could just be to a certain group ex. Graffiti/Subcultures

Religious Landscape

imprints religious beliefs; used to appeal to certain aesthetic value ex. Religious architecture: Orthodox Church vs Protestant.

Gendered Landscape

gender specific messages; gender roles/norms.

Heritage/Historic Landscape

buildings, shrines, art, and monuments.

Iconoclasm

destroying monuments

Placemaking

process of people collabing to make a cultural landscape where they can live, work, play, etc; reflects culture/feelings ex. West = adventure; East = city/industry

Dialect

variation of language specific to an area

Adherents

people loyal to an idea, belief, religion, or organization

Religions are sorted by

Branches, Denominations, and sects (Large to Small)

Three major ethnic groups form clusters in US

Hispanics: SW, African Americans: SE, Asian American: West. This changes w migration.

Folk Culture

small, self reliant community that is technologically simple and traditional in culture. ex. Old Order Amish

Diffusion

cultural trait spreading from A2B; A = cultural hearth; Historically from colonialism/imperialism; Today through mass media/internet.

Relocation Diffusion

movement of people ex. African Diaspora

Expansion diffusion

aspect of a culture spreads from the hearth while remaining there

Contagious diffusion

trait spreads adjacently

Hierarchical diffusion

Idea spreads from place ot power to lesser powers

Stimulus diffusion

fundamental idea of a trait stimulating innovation

Colonialism/Imperialism

powerful countries dominate smaller countries for eco/political gain; extends influence through diplomacy or force.

Dutch East India Company

took advantage of South Africa w apartheid

Military Conquest

military powers take control of weaker lands

Alexander the Great

spread greek culture throughout his empire and diffused it w local cultures. Hellenistic Age.

Spaniards

conquered Aztecs and Inca. Missionaries & Spanish language.

Lingua Franca

Common language spoken among different language speakers

Creolization

2+ cultural elements blending ex. Creole languages: Haitian creole

Trade

interactions between people exchanging culture ex. Silk road: Chinese, Roman, and Arab, goods; spread ideas: Astronomy, Math, Medicine, Technology.

Migration effects language

Dialects, different pronunciations or speed of talking

Globalization

world becomes interconnected; grants access to goods.

Urbanization

urban centers grow; brings cultures together/interact

Migration

people move and bring their culture; refugees, immigrants, etc.

Technology

Allows greater connectivity between people globally; uniform.

Cultural Convergence

cultures become similar; share and adopt each other's ideas.

Cultural Drivers

divide grows larger between cultures

Acculturation

cultures adopting traits of others while retaining their own (Resulted from prolonged contact)

Assimilation

category of acculturation; one culture is FULLY adopted; could be forced or encouraged.

Multiculturalism

coexisting cultures; leads to acceptance but isn't easy to unify; urban

Religious Syncretism

Santeria: African and Roman Catholicism; Halloween: Pagan and Christian.

Cultural Appropriation

adopting elements of another culture without acknowledging the origin; Majority adopts from minority; critiques effects of colonization

Language

creates bond; reflects way of life; identifies and differentiates culture; describes human movement; and changes with culture as they mingle/evolve.

Families

largest grouping of languages; shares common ancestral language from a cultural hearth.

Ancestral Languages

no longer spoken but identifiable by grammar/root words.

Branch

Separated from the family

Romance

deriving from latin and includes mort of West/South Europe

Slavic

most East Europe (Russian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian)

Germanic

North Europe (German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese)

Group

Smallest grouping; very similar languages

Global Distribution of languages have changed.

Intercontinental languages

Arabic, English, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish bc of immigration and colonization.

Population Grown languages

Mandarin, Hindi, Bengali, Japanese, and W Punjabi

Languages change

shown through artifacts/documents

Proto Indo European

what scholars believe to come before Greek, Sanskrit, and latin; known through cognates.

Kurgan Hearth

Indo European starts in Russia through nomadic spread

Anatolian Hearth

Language spread through agricultural techniques

English spread due to Germanic, Celtic, and Romance influences. Diffused from

Endangered languages

caused by loss of speakers; diffusion; preserved by social scientists, linguists, and native speakers.

Beliefs/Traditions

shape the history of the world bc its tied to identity and ethnicity.

Pattern

reveals greater religious differentiation and is evident w different scale maps; Consider the religion’s origin, extent, methods of diffusion, and processes.

Christianity

Americas, Europe, Central and S. Africa, and Australia; spread bc of migration and missionary work.

Islam

Central Asia; Indonesia; SW Africa & N. Africa; diffused through trade and hierarchical diffusion (Leaders to Citizens)

Hinduism and Buddhism

Asia; stayed in their hearths.

Animism (Folk)

Belief that we are sharing the Earth w spirits.

Universalizing Religions

religions that appeal and are open to a wide variety of people; spread through relocation and expansion.

Christianity

based on teachings of Jesus; spread through disciples and acculturated w local beliefs; two distinct branches (Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox.  Has >30,000 denominations.

Islam

follows allah’s messenger, Muhammad (Mecca & Medina); emphasizes moral beliefs based on Quran & traditions in Sunnah; spread through conquests & trade; two branches (Sunni and Shiite; Sunni = majority); Majority in Indonesia

Buddhism

Siddhartha : Enlightenment (Asia); seeks alternative spiritual practices to hinduism; oldest universalizing

Sikhism

Guru Nandek (Punjab); belives that one god will bring liberation from rebirth cycle; newest universalizing; Many moved to Great Britain or Hindi India after the partition.

Ethnic Religions

tied deeply to the ethnicity. ex. Shinto: Japan; Judaism: Hebrew; Hinduism: India; Taoism: China; etc.