Scientific Investigation, Planning, Ethics and Safety

These flashcards cover key concepts, definitions, and methodologies related to scientific investigation and ethics in research.

Investigation Aim

The purpose of the study written as a statement including the variables being studied.

Hypothesis

A statement predicting the probable outcomes of an investigation.

Independent Variable (IV)

The variable that the researcher manipulates in an investigation.

Dependent Variable (DV)

The variable that the researcher measures in an investigation.

Extraneous Variable

Variables other than the independent variable that may have an unwanted effect on the dependent variable and results.

Controlled Variable

Variables that are held constant to ensure that the only influence on the dependent variable is the independent variable.

Confounding Variable

An unwanted variable that affects the dependent variable and results, making it unclear whether the independent variable or the confounding variable caused the change.

Sampling Techniques

Methods used to select participants from the population, such as random sampling and stratified sampling.

Controlled Experiment

An experimental investigation where all variables except the IV are controlled.

Random Allocation

Dividing the sample into groups so that each participant has an equal chance of being placed in either the experimental or control group.

Between Subjects Design

A design where participants are randomly allocated to either the control or the experimental condition.

Within Subjects Design

A design where all participants complete both the experimental and control conditions.

Case Study

An investigation of a particular activity, behaviour, event or problem that includes real-world complexities.

Correlational Study

A study involving observation and recording of events and behaviours to understand the relationships between variables.

Fieldwork

An investigation methodology that involves collecting information by observing and interacting with a selected environment.

Literature Review

Collating and analysing secondary data findings to provide an overview of current understanding in a particular area.

Integrity (Ethical Concept)

Commitment to honest reporting and accountability in research.

Justice (Ethical Concept)

The moral obligation to ensure fair treatment and distribution of benefits in research.

Beneficence (Ethical Concept)

The commitment to maximising benefits and minimizing risks and harms in research.

Informed Consent

Procedures conducted to ensure participants agree to participate after receiving details of the study.

Risk Assessment

A process that identifies and reduces physical and psychological risks in research.