Understanding the Self and Others

Flashcards covering concepts related to self-understanding, identity development, gender identity, moral development, emotion, attachment, and love.

Self-Concept

A domain-specific evaluation of the self, describing personal facts about oneself.

Self-Esteem

A global evaluation of the self, often referred to as overall self-worth or self-image.

Big Five Factors (OCEAN)

A trait theory of personality that includes Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

Infant Rouge Test

A test of visual self-recognition used to indicate self-awareness in infants.

Temperament

Innate biological traits that influence how children react to their environment, categorized into Easy, Difficult, and Slow-to-Warm Child.

Self-Descriptions in Early Childhood

Typically concrete, focusing on observable attributes like possessions or abilities.

Self-Descriptions in Late Childhood

More psychological and abstract, focusing on social perceptions and traits.

Possible Selves

Conceptualizations of what one might become, which motivates future behavior.

Identity vs. Identity Confusion

Erikson's adolescent stage emphasizing the exploration of different identities.

Moratorium (Erikson)

The period of exploration for identity that occurs between childhood and adult autonomy.

Marcia's Four Statuses of Identity

Framework describing identity development based on crisis and commitment: Diffusion, Foreclosed, Moratorium, Achievement.

Gender Identity

The sense of being male or female, typically acquired by age 3.

Gender Stereotypes

Broad categories reflecting societal beliefs about appropriate behaviors for males and females.

Gender Roles

Expectations regarding how males and females should think, act, and feel.

Parental Imperative

The concept that parents adopt traditional gender roles after the birth of a child.

Social Cognitive Theory of Gender

Theory emphasizing that gender development is learned through observation and reinforcement.

Kohlberg's Gender Constancy

Children's understanding that gender remains stable over time despite changes in appearance.

Gender Consistency

The understanding that gender is constant even when superficial changes occur.

Sex Differences (Socio-emotional)

Differences between males and females in aggression, emotion understanding, and verbal skills.

Gender Intensification Hypothesis

The idea that gender differences increase in early adolescence due to social pressures.

Guttman Changes in Later Adulthood

Changes in gender traits as individuals age, often resulting in a 'de-gendered' shift.

Moral Development

Includes three dimensions: Moral Cognition, Moral Emotion, and Moral Behavior.

Piaget's Heteronomous Moral Reasoning

A belief that rules are immutable and established by powerful authorities.

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

A framework that describes the evolution of moral reasoning through Preconventional, Conventional, and Post-Conventional stages.

Gilligan's Critique of Kohlberg

Identified potential sex differences in moral reasoning: Justice Perspective versus Care Perspective.

Moral Emotion

Emotions, such as guilt, that play a critical role in moral behavior.

Empathy Development in Infancy

The ability to sense another’s distress, starting with Global Empathy.

Cultural Codes of Ethics (Shweder)

Different ethical focuses: Ethic of Community, Ethic of Autonomy, and Ethic of Divinity.

Emotional Coaching

Parenting style that helps children label and deal with emotions, leading to better emotion regulation.

Emotional Dismissing

Parenting style that negates negative emotions, leading to poor emotion regulation.

Primary Emotions

Basic emotions present in humans and other animals, such as joy, fear, and anger.

Stranger Anxiety

Fear of unfamiliar people, beginning around 6 months of age.

Separation Protest

Crying or distress exhibited by infants when separated from caregivers.

Contrahedonic Motivation

The tendency to maintain or increase negative mood states.

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (Carstensen)

States that as people age, their focus shifts from knowledge-related goals to emotion-related goals.

Harlow's Monkey Studies

Research demonstrating the importance of contact comfort over feeding in attachment formation.

Ainsworth's Strange Situation

A method for assessing attachment quality in infants based on their responses to separation and reunion with caregivers.

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

Proposes that love consists of intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Consummate Love

The fullest form of love consisting of intimacy, passion, and commitment.