Studied by 33 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Explicit Memory
Memory of facts and personal experiences that we can consciously recall. This type of memory is also known as declarative memory and can be further divided into episodic and semantic memory.
Example: Remembering your last vacation.
Episodic Memory
A type of explicit memory for personal experiences or events. It involves specific times and places.
Example: Remembering your first day of school.
Semantic Memory
A type of explicit memory for general knowledge and facts.
Example: Knowing that Paris is the capital of France.
Implicit Memory
Memory that happens without conscious effort, often skills or conditioned responses. A type of long-term memory that influences thoughts and behaviors without conscious awareness, including skills and conditioned responses.
Example: Knowing how to type without thinking about each key.
Procedural Memory
A type of implicit memory for how to perform tasks or skills.
Example: Riding a bike or tying your shoes.
Prospective Memory
Remembering to do something in the future.
Example: Remembering to take medicine at a certain time
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
The strengthening of neural connections through repeated use, making learning and memory stronger.
Working Memory Model
A theory that describes short-term memory as an active workspace with different parts handling different types of information.
Central Executive
The part of working memory that controls attention and manages other memory systems.
Phonological Loop
The part of working memory that handles verbal and auditory (sound) information.
Example: Repeating a phone number in your head.
Visuospatial Sketchpad
The part of working memory that deals with visual and spatial (location) information.
Example: Imagining how furniture will look in a room.
Long-Term Memory
The storage system for information that lasts a long time, possibly a lifetime.
Multi-Store Model
A theory that explains memory as three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Sensory Memory
The brief storage of sensory information (sights, sounds, smells) before it's either forgotten or transferred to short-term memory.
Iconic Memory
A very short-lasting memory of something you just saw.
Example: When a bright image lingers in your vision for a second.
Echoic Memory
A very short-lasting memory of something you just heard.
Example: When you ask "What?" and then realize what was just said.
Effortful Processing
When you have to actively try to remember something.
Example: Studying for a test.
Retrieval
Bringing stored information back into conscious awareness. This process is essential for recalling memories and can be influenced by various factors such as cues and context.
Example: Answering a question on a test.
Levels of Processing Model
A theory that says how well we remember something depends on how deeply we process it.
Shallow Encoding
Learning something in a superficial way. This type of processing involves focusing on the surface features of the information, such as its appearance or sound, rather than its meaning.
Deep Encoding
Learning something in a meaningful way by connecting it to other knowledge.
Encoding
The process of getting information into memory so it can be stored.
Spacing Effect (Distributed Practice)
Studying in small sessions over time helps you remember better than cramming all at once.
Hierarchies
Organizing information into categories to make it easier to remember.
Example: Grouping animals into mammals, reptiles, and birds.
Categories
Sorting information into related groups to improve memory.
Example: Grouping grocery items into fruits, dairy, and snacks.
Chunking
Breaking information into smaller, manageable pieces to remember it better.
Example: Remembering a phone number as (555) 123-4567 instead of 5551234567.
Method of Loci
A memory technique where you associate information with specific locations.
Example: Imagining placing groceries in different rooms of your house to remember your shopping list.
Massed Practice
Cramming information in one long session instead of spacing it out.
Distributed Practice
Another term for the spacing effect.
Serial Position Effect
The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than the middle items.
Primacy Effect
Remembering the first items in a list better because they’ve had more time to be stored.
Recency Effect
Remembering the last items in a list better because they are still in short-term memory.
Short-Term Memory
The memory system that holds a small amount of information for a short time.
Example: Remembering a phone number just long enough to dial it.
Working Memory
An updated term for short-term memory that includes processing and manipulation of information.
Maintenance Rehearsal
Repeating information over and over to keep it in short-term memory.
Example: Repeating a phone number to yourself.
Elaborative Rehearsal
Thinking about the meaning of information and connecting it to things you already know.
Retrograde Amnesia
Memory loss for past events before a brain injury.
Anterograde Amnesia
Inability to form new long-term memories after a brain injury.
Alzheimer’s Disease
A progressive brain disorder that destroys memory and thinking ability.
Infantile Amnesia
The inability to remember events from early childhood.
Connectionism
The theory that memory is spread across many neural networks in the brain rather than being stored in just one place.
Recall
Retrieving information without help.
Reciting a poem from memory without any prompts.
Recognition
Identifying something when given a clue.
Identifying the correct suspect from a lineup where everyone is wearing the same clothes described in the crime report.
Retrieval Cues
Hints that help us remember something.
Example: A smell triggering a childhood memory.
Context-Dependent Memory
Remembering something better when in the same place where you learned it.
Mood-Congruent Memory
Remembering things that match your current mood.
Example: When you're sad, you recall other sad memories.
State-Dependent Memory
Remembering something better when in the same physical or emotional state as when you learned it.
Testing Effect
Practicing retrieval improves memory more than just re-reading notes.
Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
A graph showing how quickly we forget information if we don’t review it.
Repression
The unconscious blocking of distressing memories.
Encoding Failure
When information never gets stored in memory because we didn’t pay attention.
Proactive Interference
When old information makes it hard to learn new information.
Example: Calling your new teacher by your old teacher’s name.
Retroactive Interference
When new information makes it hard to remember old information.|
Example: Learning a new password and forgetting the old one.
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon
When you can almost remember something but can’t quite say it.
Imagination Inflation
When imagining an event makes you believe it actually happened.
Misinformation Effect
When misleading information changes your memory of an event.
Source Amnesia
Remembering information but forgetting where it came from.
Constructive Memory
When memories are created by combining actual events with expectations and prior knowledge.
Reconstructive Memory
The idea that we rebuild memories every time we recall them, sometimes changing details.
Hippocampus
The part of the brain responsible for forming new memories.
Mnemonic Device
Memory aids like acronyms or rhymes.
Example: "ROY G BIV" for rainbow colors.
Flashbulb Memories
Extremely vivid memories of emotionally intense events.
H.M.
A famous patient who lost his ability to form new memories after brain surgery.
