Advanced Biology Video Quiz Review - Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering cell organelles, macromolecules, transport processes, and water properties from the lecture notes.

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

The selectively permeable lipid bilayer that regulates entry and exit of substances and helps maintain cellular homeostasis.

Nucleus

The cell’s control center that houses genetic material and regulates cellular activities; contains nuclear pores for traffic in and out.

Nucleolus

A region inside the nucleus where ribosome components are assembled (ribosomal RNA synthesis).

DNA

Genetic material that stores instructions for building proteins and governing cellular functions.

Chromatin

DNA wrapped around proteins in a less condensed form during interphase, enabling gene expression.

Chromosomes

Condensed DNA molecules visible during cell division that carry genetic information.

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers giving the cell shape, support, and aid in movement; includes motor-protein interactions.

Centrioles

Structures that organize spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during cell division.

Mitochondrion

Powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP by burning glucose and increases surface area for metabolic reactions.

Ribosomes

RNA-protein complexes that synthesize proteins; can be free or attached to the rough ER.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

ER with attached ribosomes; synthesizes and modifies proteins for export or membranes.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

ER without ribosomes; synthesizes lipids and membrane components.

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or export; consists of cisternae and vesicles.

Cilia

Short, numerous cellular projections that move cells or move substances past cells.

Flagella

Long, few cellular projections that move cells.

Cell wall

Rigid layer in plant (and some bacterial) cells that provides structural support and protection.

Vacuoles

Storage sacs for water, nutrients, wastes, and enzymes; large central vacuole in plants stores water.

Chloroplast

Organelle that contains chlorophyll and carries out photosynthesis.

Eukaryotes

Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., plant and animal cells).

Prokaryotes

Cells without a nucleus; include bacteria and archaea.

Protein

Macromolecule made of amino acids; structural materials and enzymes; monomer is amino acid; elements: C, H, O, N.

Nucleic Acids

Macromolecules storing genetic information; monomer is nucleotide; elements: C, H, N, O, P.

Nucleotide

Monomer of nucleic acids composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

Lipids

Macromolecules for energy storage, membrane structure, and signaling; monomer: fatty acid; elements: C, H.

Carbohydrates

Macromolecules for quick energy and energy storage; monomer: monosaccharide (glucose); elements: C, H, O.

Isotonic

Solution with equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell.

Hypertonic

Solution with higher solute concentration outside the cell; water moves out, cell shrinks.

Hypotonic

Solution with lower solute concentration outside the cell; water moves in, cell may swell or burst.

Active transport

Movement of substances against a concentration gradient that requires cellular energy (often via pumps or protein channels).

Passive transport

Movement of substances down a concentration gradient that requires no energy.

Simple diffusion

Movement of small or nonpolar molecules directly through the cell membrane."

Facilitated diffusion

Diffusion of substances through membrane proteins (channels or carriers) without energy use.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate; the cell’s main energy currency.

Endocytosis

Process of taking materials into the cell via vesicle formation.

Exocytosis

Process of expelling materials from the cell via vesicle fusion with the membrane.

Water

Universal solvent; highly polar; exhibits cohesion, adhesion, and a high specific heat; hydrogen bonding influences density and phase changes.

Polarity

A property where molecules have uneven charge distribution, leading to partial positive and negative ends (as in water).

Cohesion

Attraction between like molecules (water–water) enabling surface tension.

Adhesion

Attraction between unlike substances (water to container walls, etc.).

High specific heat

Water’s ability to resist temperature changes due to hydrogen bonding.

Hydrogen bonds

Weak bonds between polar molecules (e.g., between water molecules) that contribute to water’s properties and ice density.

Buffer

Substance that resists pH changes by neutralizing added acids or bases.