history topic 3

Idustrialization

Shift from hand making goods to machine production in factories

Factory

Place where goods are made by machines and workers 

Economic Resources

steam engine, locomotive, spinning Jenny, power loom, cotton gin, bessemer process

Socialism

A system where the government owns production to promote equality and end poverty.

Communism

A form of socialism with no private property; all goods are shared equally.

Capitalism

economy with private ownership, free trade, and little government control; Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” guides it.

Laissez faire

idea that the government should not interfere in business or the economy.

Adam Smith

• Who: Scottish economist and philosopher

• What: Wrote The Wealth of Nations (1776), founder of capitalism

• When: 1723–1790

• Where: Scotland

• Why Important: Promoted laissez-faire and the “invisible hand”, shaping modern capitalism

Karl Marx

• Who: German philosopher and economist

• What: Co-wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848)

• When: 1818–1883

• Where: Germany

• Why Important: Criticized capitalism and promoted communism — a system where wealth and power are shared equally among all people

Labor Reform

Focused on working conditions and the minium age of workers. It also limited working hours and banned child labor.

Unions

Voluntary labor associations; negotiations between workers and employers for better working conditions and higher pay.

Nationalism

Belief that loyalty should be to a nation of people with shared culture and history, not a king or empire.

Unification

Mergers of culturally similar lands

Nation State

Nation that has its own government; defending its territory and way of life

Cavour

The “mind of Italy”; architect of unification ○ Built the new country into a new economic and political power

Garibaldi

The “sword of Italy”, led a voluntary army (the red shirts) & united Southern Italy to the Italian Kingdom in 1861

Kaiser Wilhelm I

King of Prussia; First Ruler of a united Germany

Otto von Bismark

• Prussian diplomat

• Chancellor to King Wilhelm I

• Created the United Germany in 1871

• "Blood and Iron" speech

• Wanted Germany to build up its military

Imperialism

Maintaining and extending power over foreign nations (Diplomacy and military power)

Colonization

Settling in and establishing power over the indigenous population

Scramble for Africa

(1880 - 1914) - The invasion, conquest, and colonization of most of Africa by 8 Western European powers that were driven by the Second Industrial Revolution.

Berlin Conference

(1884 - 1885) - Meeting of colonial powers that concluded the signing of the General Act of Berlin.

King Leopold II

• Who: King Leopold II of Belgium

• What: Monarch who personally owned and exploited the Congo Free State

• Where: Belgium and Central Africa (Congo region)

• When: Ruled Belgium from 1865 to 1909; controlled Congo from 1885 to 1908

• Why: Wanted to increase Belgium’s wealth and his own power by extracting rubber and ivory from Congo, leading to severe exploitation and millions of deaths

Anglo Zulu War

(1879) The attempt of Britian to expand their control over Zululand. They suffer sevral defeats before they defeat the Zulus and establish control.

Opium Wars

The British made large profits selling opium in China, while China was losing money. China requested that the UK stop, but they refused. In 1839, China fired on British merchant ships, triggering war, but the British easily won and received compensation for the losses.

Sepoy Mutiny

Indian soldiers serving in the military service for European Trading Companies. The cause of this was the caste system, taxation and land usage, and bullet grease. The rumor was that fat from pigs and cow was used to obtain bullet grease.

Qing Dynasty 

(1644 - 1912) - The last imperial dynasty in China and a period of great territorial expansion. It declined due to foreign influence and internal power struggles. The Opium War led to the loss of territory (Hong Kong).

British Raj

(1858 - 1947) - System of British colonial rule in India, British born viceroy governed in the name of the queen; British held the highest government jobs

Jewel in the Crown

India was considered the Jewel in the crown of the English Empire; it was the most valued and important possession. India was the only source of diamonds until 1725, spices, silk, and cotton.