APUSH units 1-2

motives for Europeans searching for colonies?

• spread religion (Christianity)

• search for gold

• new trade routes lead to new products (spices, silk and perfumes)

  • this makes explorers and traders wealthy

mercantilism

mother country sought wealth and power by controlling the territory of another

spanish pattern of settlement

• took position of land in the name of the King

• converted natives

• introduced Spanish language and Catholicism

• trade with native populations

• intermarriage with native women

• failed at sending families which hindered population growth

encomienda system

natives were forced to accept Christianity and labor in the fields for their new rulers

don Juan de onate salazar

• established the Santa Fe colony in 1598

• when the Acoma resisted demands for summplies 13 Spaniards were killed and Onate retaliated by killing 800 villagers and enslaving 500 women and children

pueblo revolt

• uprising in 1680 led by native Americans in Santa Fe New Mexico led by Pope

• 380+ Spaniards killed, resulted in the Spanish being expelled for 12 years

columbian exchange

• new world

  • corn, potatoes, beans, cocoa, gold, silver, tobacco, and diseases (smallpox, flu, typhus)

• old world

  • wheat, sugar, rice, livestock, diseases (syphilis)

transatlantic slave trade

• africans were less susceptible to disease

• triangle trade system developed

  • Europeans sent manufactured goods to Africa, brought slaves to the Americas, and brought raw materials to Europe

• journey across the Middle Passage (very brutal conditions)

french canada

• the French began to colonize Canada (1605)

• French had a better relationship with natives because they were interested in fur trading

  • in return, the natives often helped the French to hunt and trap in exchange for weapons and alcohol

• many settlers died in the harsh winter and scurvy

• to encourage population growth, law mandated that girls of 16 years of age had to be married

chesapeake colonies

• high temperatures, swampland which led to disease

• brought few women so population growth was slow

• the STARVING TIME

  • John Smith encourages colonists to work and John Rolfe brings cash crop of tobacco to rejuvenate colony

bacon’s rebellion

• (1676) Nathaniel Bacon led a group of indentured servants because they had not received the land they had been promised

• plantation owners realized they cannot keep bringing indentured servants who want land to the Americas.

  • as a result, they turn to slavery

• Virginia lawmakers began making law changed between whites and blacks

jamestown colony

• (1607) location was selected because it was a good place to build a fort. however, much of the land was swamp and filled with mosquitoes that caused malaria

• settlers did not want to work with their hands. John Smith took charge and got the men to clear the land and cultivate it. They resisted at first, but Smith states “if they didn’t work, they wouldn’t eat”

new england

• rocky soil, colder climate, good harbors (limits farming, but leads to fishing and shipping)

• close-knit communities

• puritans and separatists establish religious communities

mayflower compact

• (1620) settlers wanted to ensure people would follow common rules

• compact ensured that those who signed would abide by common laws and act in a civil way.

• brought together all signers to towkr together and strive for a greater goal

• laid the foundation for other self-governments in the future of America

half-way covenant

• partial Church membership to those not yet converted, typically granted to children or grandchildren of church members. they did not have the same rights that regular members had

• dealt with the issue of declining church membership

• eventually all people were welcome to the church and did not have to be “elected” to join

• puritan standards became more relaxed

salem witch trials

• causes included:

  • religious and overzealous ideas

  • overwhelming rapid change (agriculture to trade)

  • paranoia resulting from surrounding hostile indians

  • possible water contamination and ergotism (rye disease)

• two girls began to act strange and blamed their behavior on a slave, Fatuba, Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne all of which were social outcasts

• more girls began to act the same and accused more people

• 20 people were found guilty of witchcraft and were killed

• when important people started being accused, the Govenor stepped in and prevented any more accusations

• illustrated the faults of the legal system at the time

• defining example of intolerance and injustice in American History

John Peter Zenger trial

• John Peter Zenger published the New York weekly Journal which criticized the corrupt Govenor of new York William Crosby

• Cosby ordered Zenger to be arrested and charged with seditious libel

• Zenger’s lawyer argued that if his articles were true then her shouldn’t be found guilty

• the Jury agreed this and so Zenger was found not guilty

• this encouraged freedom of the press and inspired amendments such as Freedom of Speech

puritans vs separatists

• puritans = wanted to change the church from the inside and went to the new world for money

• separatists = wanted to worship in private and went to the new world to do so

chesapeake house of burgesses

• first legislative body in Jamestown

• (1643-1776) helped manage the population and make decisions about laws and policies

• encouraged the use of self run government in the colonies

salutary neglect

• british did not strictly govern their colonies so many decisions were made by americans

• after the defeat of the french, the British began to tighten their control of the colonies

• this upset the colonists and is an effect of the french & Indian war

proclaimation line of 1763

• prevented the colonies from expanding further west

  • this would increase tensions between the British and the Americans because they would be further away

• reduces the amount of agriculture colonists have access to

• colonists viewed this as another method to be controlled by the british

• since the British used their navy to establish dominance, its not much of a threat if the colonists move west

  • the further west they move, the more difficult it becomes for the British to control them