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How was the military at the start of the war?
The military was segregated. African Americans were organized into their own units, but white officers generally commanded them. Military leaders typically assigned them to construction and supply units.
Victory over what?
Victory over Hitler’s racism abroad and racism at home.
Who was Benjamin Davis?
The highest ranking African American officer.
Name the African American military unit that played an important role in the Battle of Anzio. 761st?
Tuskegee airman. The African American 761st Tank Battalion was commanded for service during the Battle of the Bulge.
What did each of the following groups do during the war? Japanese Americans 100th Infantry Battalion & 442nd Regiment Combat Team? – Hispanic Americans 17 of them? – Native Americans – Jewish Americans 52,000? When was the military fully integrated?
Japanese Americans served in the 100th infantry battalion and the 442nd Regimental combat team. About 500,000 Hispanic Americans served in the armed forces. 17 of them medal of honor. About one-third of all bodied Native Americans served in the military. About 52,000 Jewish Americans were decorated for bravery. In 1943 integrated the military fully.
Who set up women’s units?
The coast guard, navy, and marines followed suit and set up women’s units.
After the war what changed for/about women and why?
By the end of the war, the number of working women had increased from 12.9 million to 18.8 million. After the war, women's success permanently changed American attitudes about women in the workplace.
What did Executive Order 8802 state?
Stated “there shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color, or national origin”.
What did the Fair Employment Practices Commission do?
The first federal civil rights agency that enforced the executive order 8802.
In LA what became tied together because of the zoot suit? Why did it anger so many Americans?
The fear of juvenile crime and racism against Mexican Americans. It angered many Americans because there was so much fabric which was needed for the war.
What happened in June 1943? Resulting in?
In June 1943, after hearing rumors that zoot-suiters had attacked several sailors, some 2,500 soldiers and sailors attacked Mexican American neighborhoods in Los Angeles.
Feb. 1942 FDR signed an order allowing? Regarding Fred Korematsu's case what did the Supreme Court rule? No Japanese American was ever tried for?
Allowing the war department to declare any part of the U.S. a military zone and to remove people from that zone as needed. The Supreme Court ruled that the relocation was constitutional because it was based not on race but “military urgency.” No Japanese American was ever tried for espionage or sabotage.
Who began rationing?
The office of price administration and civilian supply (OPACS ) began rationing.
What did you have to do when you bought food?
Households picked up a book of rationing coupons every month for different kinds of food. When people bought food they had to have enough coupons to cover their purchases.
What was rationed?
Meat, sugar, fats, oils, processed foods, coffee, shoes and gasoline were all rationed.
Why were oils & fats collected? What got you extra ration coupons?
Oil and fats were so important for the production of explosives the war production board set up fat collecting stations. Bacon grease and meat drippings got you extra ration coupons.
How much did the government spend in the war?
The federal government spent more than $300 billion during WWII.
What happened on Dec. 7, 1941? What was the Bataan Death March? How many died? When did the Philippines fall?
On December 7, 1941 the Japanese attacked American airfields in the Philippines. Nearly 78,000 POWS were forced to march 65 miles to prison camps. Almost 10,000 troops died. In May 1942 the Philippines had fallen.
Why did Yamamoto decide to attack Midway Island?
Yamamoto that attacking Midway would lure the American fleet into battle and enable his fleet to destroy it.
Why did we need to win?
In order for the Japanese not to land on New guinea’s south coast and to keep the supply lines to Australia open.
Why were they a good choice? What could they do? 1968? 2001?
The Navajo language had no written alphabet and was known only to the Navajo and a few missoners and anthropologists. The Navajo recruits developed code words using their own language that stood for military terms. Code talkers proved invaluable in combat. They could relay a message in minutes. Sworn to secrecy their mission was not revealed until 1968. In 2001, Congress awarded code talkers the congressional Gold Medal for their unique contribution during the war.
What did the battle of Midway do to Japan?
Put Japan on the defensive for the rest of the war.
Who launched the island hopping campaign?
The navy led by commander Admiral Nimitz.
Leyte Gulf was the largest? Who did what in March 1945?
The largest naval battle in history. MacArthur’s troops did not capture Manila until March 1945.
Why was Egypt important?
Egypt was important because most of Britain’s empire, including India, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaya, and Australia, sent supplies to Brain though Egypt’s suez canal.
What was Hitler convinced of? This did what to Germany?
Hitler was convinced that defeating the Soviet Union depended on destroying the soviet economy. The battle of stalingrad put Germans on the defensive for the rest of the war.
The Tehran Conference explain the four major consensuses that were reached
Stalin promised to launch a full-scale offensive when the Allies invaded France in 1944
FDR and Stalin agreed to divide Germany after the war so that it would never again threaten peace
Stalin promised that once Germany was defeated, the Soviet Union would help the United States against Japan
Stalin also accepted FDR's proposal of an international peacekeeping organization
FDR chose who? For what?
General Eisenhower for commander of operation overlord- the codename for the invasion.
Planning Operation Overlord Explain, using detail, the five conditions that had to be met. When did D-Day begin?
Had to begin at night to arrive at low tide so they could see the beach obstacles. The low tide had to come at dawn so that gunners bombarding the coast could see their targets. Paratroopers, who would be dropping behind enemy lines, needed a moon lit night to land. Perhaps most important of all was good weather. Shortly after midnight on June 6, 1944 D-Day began.
This was Hitler’s? Who was sent to rescue the Americans & were they successful?
This was Hitler’s last desperate offensive. Eisenhower ordered General Patton to rescue the Americans and they were successful.
What happened on the following dates? April 21st? April 30th? May 7, 1945?
On April 21st the Soviet troops reached the outskirts of Berlin. April 30th Adolf Hitler committed suicide. On May 7, 1945, Germany accepted the terms for an unconditional surrender.
What happened on April 12th
President Roosevelt died while vacationing in warm springs in Georgia, of a stroke.
Why did we want Iwo Jima?
Iwo Jima was perfectly located, roughly halfway between the marianas and Japan.
Who led the team? What did they do?
Physicist J. Robert oppenheimer and his team built and then detonated the world’s first atomic bomb in New Mexico near Alamogordo.
Explain the four opinions regarding the atomic bomb & whose they were.(name & title) .
Admiral Leahy, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, opposed using the bomb because it would kill civilians. Secretary of War Stimson wanted to warn the Japanese about the bomb and tell them their emperor could stay in power if they surrendered. Secretary of State Byrnes, however, wanted to drop the bomb on Japan without any warning.
Whose decision was it? What information did Truman have?
At the end of the day it was Truman’s decision. Truman advisers had warned him to expect massive casualties if the United States invaded Japan
Explain why he made the decision that he did? What did the Allies threaten the Japanese with?
Truman believed it was his duty as president to use every weapon available to save American lives.The Allies threatened Japan with “prompt and utter destruction” if the nation did not surrender, but the Japanese did not reply. Truman then ordered the military to drop the bomb. On August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb, code-named “Little Boy,” on Hiroshima, an important industrial city.
Aug. 9, 1945?
on August 9, the United States dropped another atomic bomb, code-named “Fat Man,” on the city of Nagasaki.
August 15, 1945?
Japan surrendered the long war was over.
Who/What tried the German and Japanese leaders? What were they accused of?
In August 1945, the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union created the International Military Tribunal (IMT) to punish German and Japanese leaders for war crimes.
By the mid - 1940s? US emerged? Why was superpower coined? The Soviet Union had?
By the mid-1940s it was producing over 35 percent of the entire world's gross domestic product. The United States had emerged as the world's strongest economic and military power. It was in a position of such strength and dominance that a new term--superpower--was later coined to describe its relationship to the rest of the world. Only one other country had the potential to rival the United States at the end of the war. The Soviet Union, although devastated from Germany's invasion, had built its own enormous army and industrial capacity
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