test 1

ch 1,2,3

sophists

teachers of rhetoric to general public & focusing on the practice of argument

aristotle (4)

student of plato

first to study communication scientifically

discovered three proofs of rhetoric

claimed argument is expressed through examples & enthymemes

four proofs of rhetoric

ethos

pathos

logos

mythos

ethos

ethics - speaker’s character

logos

logic & reason - the use of argument

mythos

form of storytelling based on truth of one’s history

examples

reasoning to all causes from sample of cases

types of reasoning?

inductive

deductive

inductive reasoning

drawing conclusions from specific to general

deductive reasoning

logical approach from general to specific conclusions

enthymeme

a syllogism with an implied premise

syllogism

three-part logical logical reasoning containing, major premise, minor premise, logical conclusion

aristotle’s model of communication

he advised speakers to build speeches for different audiences for different times & for diff effects

forefathers of communication research (5)

lasswell 1902-1978

lazarsfield 1901-1976

lewin 1890-1947

hovland 1912-1961

schramm 1907-1987

harold lasswell (2)

propoganda

invented content analysis research to measure com msgs

paul lazarsfield (2)

pioneer of market research

initiated media effect paradigm in mass com research

kurt lewin (2)

small group communication

known for ‘field theory’

carl hovland (2)

interpersonal communication

explored dyadic communication & effects of persuasion-sleeper effect

wilbur schramm

founder of mass communication

wrote his first book

market research

study of attitudes & behaviours of a focal audience

kurt lewin’s field theory

individual behavior is a function of one’s psychological environment

when was communicartions discovered

march 25, 1913

speech communication was ..

misunderstood & disrespected

communications

process by which information is exchange among two or more systems that exist within a common environment

communication concepts (8)

interpersonal

nonverbal

mass

international

intercultural

group

organisational

health

interpersonal communication

coms between individuals

focusing on relational processes

communication within onself

nonverbal communication

all forms of communication without words

mass communication

communications using technology as medium to communicate a large audience

international/global communication (2)

coms among nations & international organisations

ways ppl connect, share, relate, and mobilize across geographic, political, economic, social. cultural divides

intercultural communication (3)

coms across different cultures, social groups

how culture affects coms

understanding how diff ppl communicate & act differently

group communication (2)

coms which occurs in groups

interdependence, collaboration, identity, inlfuence, both in large and small-scale group contexts

organisational communication (2)

communication in and by organisation

structured collection of interdependent members with a common interests, working to achieve goals together

health communication

communication between patients & healthcare providers, health-related campaigns

persuasion

reinforcement, shaping & changing communicator’s values and behaviours

technology

influences the way we create and exchange information

general models of communications (3)

linear

interactive

transactional

specific context models (6)

laswell

shannon-weaver

gerbener

berlo’s SMCR

westley-maclean

convergence

model

abstract representation of a set of elements for a phenomenon & clarifyin them in context

use of models

explain

predict

control

linear model of communication

sender -→ message (channel) -→ receiver

sender

person who communicates the message

message

set of information produced by a sender to which meaning can be attributed

channel

means via we send the message

receiver

recipient of the message

interactive model of communication (4)

encoding

decoding

feedback

noise

encoding

process of creating meaning into specific form of message

decoding

process of extracting meaning from a message

noise

interrupters in environment of message

three types of noise

physical/external

psychological/internal

semantic/social

transactional model (3)

mutual influence

transactional

communicator

mutual influence

active influence of all parties in communication process

transactional

simultaneous & mutually influential process of encoding & decoding messages

communicator

sender (encoder) & receiver (decoder) in communication process

fundamental human activity

help us to define who we are to accomplish goals, maintain relationships, interact with others, etc..

feedback

verbal/nonverbal to describe response to message

attitude

prediction of something you like/dislike

beliefs

sure feeling that someone/something exists

values

individual beliefs that motivate people to act a certain way

lasswell’s model (2)

earliest coms model

defines coms as productive process of com effects

shannon-weaver model (2)

1949

process of mediated communication (via technology)

shannon-weaver model parts (9)

information source

message

transmitter

signal

noise source

received signal

receiver

received message

destination

info source

communicator originating the message

message

info sent directly by source

transmitter

device sending message

signal

form in which message is sent via device

noise source

interfrence message transmission

received signal

what is received by receiving device

receiver

device receiving message

received message

what is actually produced by receiving device after receiving signal

destination

individual who is target of mediated message

geberner’s model (4)

1956

context of journalism

describes process of obeservation events (perception & representation)

perceptual dimension (e) & means representations (s, e, se)

berlo’s smcr model (3)

1960

introduction of complexity to achieve fidelity (accuracy of transmission)

system of interdependent components within basic linear elements

perceptual dimension

filtering occurs in observation of world around us (five people can see an event & explain it in different ways)

westley-maclean’s model (4)

1957

explored factors & processes in serial communication

uses journalistic reporting from environment as framework

poitional gatekeepers systematically manage flow of information

gatekeepers exert influence over flow of info

gatekeepers can be..

incidental

convergence model

1979

originated as response to what he considered limiting assumptions in other com models

reflects mutual understanding & collective action in multidirectional process of convergence of overtime

focuses on source causation & receiver dependency

coonvergence

two entities move closer together overtime

properties of communication (7)

process (changes overtime)

continuous (no defined beg/end)

symbolic

irreversible (imp to change info once exchanged)

involves systems (interdependent components)

transactional (simultaneous exchange & mutual influence)

inclusive (wide variety of phenomena)

perception process (3)

selection

organization

interpretation

perception

process by we make sense of world around us

using senses to acquire info about surrounding environment

two types of perception (2)

active perception- mind selects, organises & intrepretes which sense

subjective perception—uniquely constructed meaning attributed to sensed stimuli

active perception types (2)

physiological process - receiving info thru senses

cognitive process - sorting, organising, interpreting senses

subjective perception types (2)

physiological influence - own mental outlook shapes our own thoughts

social influence - communication interaction of & with others

perception & communication (4)

describes how individual humans influence of communication process

coms based on perception

different perceptions influence different behaviours

coms common bond between differing perceptions

selection

how we choose which sensory info to process

organization

how we arrange information

interpretation

how we attach meaning to that perception

simultaneous, integrated, ongoing parts of unified process describes…

how we transform raw data & sensory input into meaningful perception

qualities of stimuli for selection (4)

frequency - occur repeatedly

contrast - stand out in some manner

intensity - extreme versions of phenomenon

novel - new to us

other influences on selection (3)

individual characteristics

social factors

focusing on stimuli

perception process of selection (3)

omission

disortion

oversimplification

omission

inaccurate perception of events for not selecting important piece of info for processing

disortion

incorrect prioritising of what info is essential

oversimplification

selection of unnecessary significant info for superficial understanding of something

perception process of organisation

cognitive schemata

cognitive schemata

mental frameworks that are applied when organizing info abt a situation

cognitive schemata is established though.. (4)

experience

socialisation

familiarity

biological ‘hard wiring’

types of cognitive schemata (3)

personal constructs

prototypes

scripts

personal constructs

the way we perceive other people

types of personal constructs (4)

physical (physical attribute)

role (social life & position)

interactional (social qualities)

psychological (personality traits)