bio review

functional group amine

NH2, basic, nucleotide bases amino acids

functional group carboxyl

-COOH, very acidic, fatty acids amino acids

functional group phosphate

H2PO4-, polar reactive, nucleotides DNA RNA Phospholipids protein

bases accept \__ ions or donates OH

H+

\__ is a polymer of repeating units of nucleotides (monomer)

polynucleotide

3 parts of nucleotide

phosphate groups (negatively charged), 5 deoxyribose sugars, 4 nitrogen bases (T, A, C, G)

deoxyribose has \__ carbon atoms numbered __

5, clockwise

1 prime carbon holds the __

nitrogen base

3 prime carbon has a \__ that will bond with the P group of another nucleotide

hydroxide

5 prime carbon holds onto the \__ group

phosphate

How is DNA bonded?

The sugar of one nucleotide is covalently bonded to the phosphate group of the next, with hydrogen bonds attaching the middle

what gives amino acids unique properties like polarity and acidity?

R groups/functional groups

functional groups

the chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions

functional groups most important for life

-Hydroxyl group

-Carbonyl group

-Carboxyl group

-Amino group

-Sulfhydryl group

-Phosphate group

-Methyl group

\__ structure describes the alpha-helices and beta-sheets that are formed by hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms located near each other in the polypeptide chain

secondary

\__ structure is the result of two or more protein subunits assembling to form a larger, biologically active protein complex

quaternary

\__ structure is the sequence of amino acids in a protein

primary

\__ structure is achieved when a protein folds into a compact, three-dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side-chain R groups of amino acids.

tertiary

structure level: secondary

structure level: primary

structure level: tertiary

structure level: quaternary

one DNA strand runs from 5' to 3' while the other runs __

3' to 5'

In a DNA sequence, the purine \__ always pairs with the pyrimidine thymine, and the purine guanine always pairs with the pyrimidine __

adenine, cytosine

the more hydrogen pairs, the more __

stable

The large diversity of shapes of biological molecules is possible because of the extensive presence of \_____ in the molecules

carbon

Purines have how many rings?

2

Pyrimidines have how many rings?

1

organic molecules

carbon-based molecules

carbon molecules can form

rings and chains

\__ effects function

structure

\__ are repeatable subunits used to build larger molecules

monomers

metabolism

reactions and all other activities by which cells acquire and use energy as they break apart compounds

adding water \__ monomers

breaks

chitia

cell wall in fungus

our gut bacteria breaks down cellulose into

glucose

dehydration synthesis

a chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

COOH

carboxyl group

hydrocarbon

clusters of atoms in a molecule that gives the molecule polarity/acidity

hydrolysis

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water

how many rings does steroids have

4 fused rings

the most common monosaccharide

glucose

building block for cell wall in plants

monosaccharides

hydroxyl

aldehyde

ethanol/alcohol

Ketone

carboxyl

amino

phosphate

Sulfhydryl

alcohol has hydrogen bonds that helps dissolve \__ through water

molecules

aldehydes (C\==O) are important in energy releasing reactions and are __

reactive

Keto (C\==O) is important in \__ and in energy reactions

carbohydrates

carboxyl is \__ and is involved in \__ reactions

acidic, condensation

amino is \__ and enters condensation reactions

basic

phosphate is \__ charged and enters condensation and hydrolysis reactions

negatively

sulfhydryl forms a \__ bridge stabilizing protein structure

disulfide

primes of carbohydrates

RNA/DNA is \__ charged

negatively

if oxygen has a negative charge, than it is __

polar

hydrogenation

The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

primary structures have \__ bonds

peptide

secondary structures have \__ bonds

hydrogen

carbohydrates have __

glycosidic linkage

lipids have __

ester linkage

nucleic acids have __

phosphodiester bonds

proteins have __

peptide bonds

triglycerol

three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

atherosclerosis

build up of plaque in arteries

amphipathetic

having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

T or F: a DNA sequence with more G's and C's will take longer to transcribe than a sequence with A's and T's

true

what is the difference between the elements in a carbohydrate and the elements in a lipid?

carbohydrates have 1:2:1 ratio for C, H, O while lipids do not

carbohydrates polymer

polysaccharide

lipid monomers

fatty acids

lipids are \__ and hydrophobic

nonpolar

proteins include C, H, O and __

N

proteins polymer

polypeptide

example of a disease regarding proteins

sickle cell anemia

polypeptides form hydrogen bonds between __

amino acids

nucleic acids have the elements of C, H, O, N, and __

P

nucleic acid polymer

DNA and RNA

T or F: DNA is parallel

false

Guanine and Cytosine have a \__ bond

triple

double bond in tail indicates it is __

unsaturated

the head is hydro\__ while the tail is hydro__

phillic, phobic

hydrogenated oils are aka

trans fat

most abundant biological material

cellulose

dehydration reaction aka

condensation reaction

enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

proteins are manufactured in the __

ribosomes

PrPc

normal prion protein

glycoproteins

A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates.

Lippoproteins

cholesterol bonded to proteins