Cardiovascular (Introduction and Levels of organization)

general function

transportation of blood throughout the body

perfusion

delivery of blood per time per gram of tissue

adequate perfusion

sufficient blood delivered to maintain health of body cells

what happens if the system fails?

cells with inadequate blood, deprived of nutrients and oxygen, accumulation of waste products, cell death possible

transportation of blood requires what?

continual pumping of the heart and open vessels

transportation of blood allows for?

exchange of substances between capillaries and cells

3 primary components of the circulatory system

the heart, blood vessels, the blood

which systems impact the cardiovascular system?

endocrine, nervous and kidneys

components of the heart

four chambers within two pumps

four chambers of the heart

left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle

left atrium and right atrium

superior chambers for recieving blood

left ventricle and right ventricle

inferior chambers for pumping blood away, receive blood from respective atria

two pump types

right sided and left sided

right sided pump

receives deoxygenated blood from body and pumps it to the lungs

left sided pump

receives oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps it to the body

atrium

receiving chamber

ventricle

pumping chamber

heart layers

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

epicardium

outermost layer, visceral layer of the serous pericardium

myocardium

middle layer, composed of cardiac muscle, forms the bulk of the heart mass, the layer that contracts

endocardium

inner layer, composed of endothelium , continuous with the lining of the blood vessels entering and leaving the heart

myocardium composition

cardiac muscle tissue, made of short branched cells, house one or two central nuclei, supported by endomysium

endomysium

areolar connective tissue

why are ventricle walls thicker than atrial walls?

ventricles are the pumping chambers

why is the left ventricle so thick?

must generate higher pressure, forces blood through systematic circulation, 3x thicker than right ventricle

what does metabolism of cardiac muscle require?

extensive blood supply, numerous mitochondria, myoglobin and creatine kinase

cardiac muscle relies mostly on aerobic metabolism

makes muscle susceptible to failure in low-oxygen, interference with blood flow to heart muscle

what can cardiac muscles use to fuel?

fatty acids, glucose, lactic acid, amino acids, and ketone bodies

two sets of valves located within the heart

atrioventricular(AV) and semilunar

role of valves

prevent backflow to ensure one-way blood flow

AV valve location

between the atrium and ventricle

semilunar valve location

between ventricle and arterial trunk

composition of fibrous skeleton

dense irregular connective tissue

what does the fibrous skeleton provide?

structural support at the boundary at atria and ventricles and rigid framework for attachment of cardiac muscle

how does fibrous skeleton work as an electrical insulator?

does not conduct action potentials, prevents atrial chambers contracting same time as ventricle chambers

types of blood vessels

arteries, veins, capillaries

arteries

carry blood away from the heart, mainly oxygenated

veins

carry blood back to the heart, mainly deoxygenated

capillaries

sites of exchange of gas or nutrients, between blood and air in lungs or blood and body cells

ventricular balance

equal amounts of blood pumped by two ventricles

edema

swelling as a result of if sustained pumping in unequal amounts

what can edemas happen as a result of?

excess fluid in interstitial space or within the cell