Neural Basis of Rehab Exam 1

• Action Potential conduction velocity increases with increasing atonal diameter

• It provides electrical insulation

• The axon hillock

• By the simultaneous occurrence of several PSPs

• A process during which the vesicle membrane at a synapse is recovered and recycled and the vesicle is refilled with neurotransmitter

• A process during which the same synapse fires action potentials in quick succession and individual EPSPs add together

• Electrical synapse between neurons

• Molecules that activate additional enzymes in the cytosol

• Enzymatic destruction and diffusion

• Activate effector proteins such as ion channels or those that synthesize second messengers

• Retrograding signaling

• G-protiens may either stimulate or inhibit effector protiens

• The shortcut pathway includes three elements: the receptor, G-protien, and the ion channel

• The ability of one transmitter to activate more than one subtype of receptor

• They are retrograde messengers by which postsynaptic neurons act on presynaptic terminals

• Muscarinic receptors are found in the skeletal muscle, whereas nicotinic receptors are found in cardiac muscle

• NMDA receptor

• NMDA-gated channels are permeable to both Na+ and Ca2+

• Tyrosine s the precursor for three catecholamine neurotransmitters: dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

GABA and glycine

• Insulating, supporting, and nourishing neurons

• Dendrites receive incoming signals from other neurons, whereas axons carry the output of neurons

• Region where axonal membrane is exposed

• An ion pump is a membrane-associated protein that transports ions across the membrane against their concentration gradients at the expense of metabolic energy

• Selective ionic permeability

• Critical level of depolarization required to trigger an action potential

• Voltage-gated potassium channel restore negative membrane potential after the spike

• The properties of R groups

• Nature of the R groups lining the ion channel

Transcription

If you were to study the structure of an entire neuron, which stain or method would you choose?

• Golgi Stain

• Nissl Stain

• Golgi and Nissl stain combined

• Electron Microscopy

• Golgi Stain

What is the region where the axon begins?

• Soma

• Axon hillock

• Axon collateral

• Axon terminal

• Axon hillock

Neuron:

• all have the same number of dendrites

• usually have several axons

• are all remarkably similar in size

• have only one axon

• have only one axon

The ______ is the core region of the cell that contains the nucleuss.

• dendrite

• axon

• Golgi body

• Soma

• Soma

The blood-brain barrier is made up ____ attached to neurons and blood vessels.

• astrocytes

• microglia

• Schwann cells

• ependymal cells

• astrocytes

____ operate as part of the brain’s immune system.

• astrocytes

• microglia

• oligodendroglia

• ependymal cells

• miroglia

Myelin is produced by:

• oligodendroglia and Schwann cells

• oligodendroglia and microglia

• astroglia and Schwann cells

• microglia and astroglia

• oligodendroglia and Schwann cells

What molecular arrangement in the phospholipids bilayer forms a barrier to water-soluble ions?

• The hydrophobic tails face the extracellular space and the cytosol. The hydrophilic tails face each other.

• The hydrophobic heads face the extracellular space, and the hydrophobic tails face the cytosol.

• The hydrophobic heads face the extracellular space and the cytosol. The hydrophobic tails face each other.

• The hydrophilic heads face the extracellular space and the cytosol. The hydrophobic tails face each other.

• The hydrophilic heads face the extracellular space and the cytosol. The hydrophobic tails face each other.

Which of the following influences ionic movement through membrane channels?

• Only diffusion

• Only electricity

• Ohm’s law

• Diffusion and electricity

• Diffusion and electricity

What is resting membrane potential?

• Difference in electrical charge across the membrane at rest

• Generation of conduction of action potential at rest

• Positive charge of the membrane at rest

• Isolation of the cytosol from extracellular matrix

• Difference in electrical charge across the membrane at rest

What is the meaning of an ion’s equilibrium potential?

• Net movement of ions from a region of high concentration to region of low concentration

• Electrical potential difference that exactly balances an ionic concentration gradient

• Difference between the real membrane potential and equilibrium potential for a particular ion

• Difference in concentration between a region with a high ionic concentration and a region with a low ionic concentration

• Electrical potential difference that exactly balances an ionic concentration gradient

Why are action potentials said to be “all-or-none"?

• Continuous application of depolarization generates many action potentials in succession

• Application of current through a microelectrode depolarizes the cell only to threshold levels, not beyond

• Depolarizing the neuronal membrane has no effect until membrane potential crosses a threshold

• Continuous application of depolarizing current into the neuron crats only one action potential

• Depolarizing the neuronal membrane has no effect until membrane potential crosses a threshold

The movement of what ion occurs in the rising phase of the action potential? (Referring to the cell)

• Inward Na+

• Outward Na+

• Inward K+

• Outward K+

• Inward Na+

What accounts for the falling phase of the action potential?

• The inward movement of sodium channels

• Sodium channels close quickly once the membrane potential becomes positive during the action potential. At the same time, the potassium channels open.

• Switching the dominant membrane permeability from K+ to Na+

• Increased membrane permeability for both potassium and sodium

• Sodium channels close quickly once the membrane potential becomes positive during the action potential. At the same time, the potassium channels open.

Why do action potentials travel in only one direction?

• The membrane just behind the action potential is refractory due to inactivated potassium channels

• The membrane just behind the action potential is refractory due to inactivated sodium channels

• Membrane proteins are destroyed when an action potential fires and it takes time to replace them

• There is not enough sodium in the extracellular space after an action potential has just fired

• The membrane just behind the action potential is refractory due to inactivated sodium channels

Which of the following channels in the active zones of the synaptic terminal open when the membrane depolarizes and causes the release of synaptic vesicles?

• Sodium channels

• Voltage-gated sodium channels

• Voltage-gated calcium channels

• Potassium channels

• Voltage-gated calcium channels

What types of cells can a neuron communicate with at a synapse?

• Only muscle

• Another neuron, muscle cell, or glandular cell

• Only another neuron

• Only a glandular cell

• Another neuron, muscle cell, or glandular cell

Into what categories are neurotransmitter receptors classified?

• Transmitter-gated ion channels and G-protein-coupled receptors

• Over a hundred chemical categories

• Over a hundred protein categories

• All in the same category: neurotransmitter receptors

• Transmitter-gated ion channels and G-protein-coupled receptors

Why are G-protein-coupled receptors referred to as metabotropic receptors?

• Because they are actived by receptor proteins

• Because the receptor is an ACh-gated ion channel hat is permeable to Na+

• Because they can trigger widespread metabolic effects

• Because the metabotropic ACh receptor is coupled by a G-protein to a potassium channel

• Because they can trigger widespread metabolic effects

What is synaptic integration?

• A method of comparing the amplitudes of miniature postsynaptic potentials

• A process by which multiple synaptic potentials combine within one postsynaptic neuron

• Adding together all IPSPs generated by a single neuron

• Adding together all EPSPs generated by a single neuron

• A process by which multiple synaptic potentials combine within one postsynaptic neuron

What is the term used for neurons hat use neurotransmitter acetylcholine?

• Glutamatergic

• GABAergic

• Cholinergic

• Noradrenergic

• Cholinergic

What is the consequence of inhibiting acetylcholine esterase (AChE)?

• Inhibiting AChE induces ACh synthesis in all motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem

• Inhibiting AChE limits how much ACh can be synthesized in the axon terminal because it is the rate-limiting step in ACh synthesizes

• Inhibiting AChE prevents ACh breakdown, disrupting neurotransmission at cholinergic synapses

• Inhibiting AChE transfers an acetyl group from acetyl CoA to choline

• Inhibiting AChE prevents ACh breakdown, disrupting neurotransmission at cholinergic synapses

What is the effect of amphetamine and cocaine on dopamine and norepinephrine synapses?

• They promote catecholamine reuptake

• The prolonged the presence of the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft

• They convert tryptophan into an intermediary called 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)

• They regulate mood, emotional behavior, and sleep

• They prolong the presence of the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft

Which type of neuron is the major source of synaptic inhibition in the nervous system?

• Adrenergic neurons

• GABAergic neurons

• Glutamatergic neurons

• Serotonergic neurons

• GABAergic neurons

At what stage does signal amplification occur in the G-protein-coupled second messenger cascade?

• At the point where cAMP molecules activate kinases

• At the point where receptor activates a G-protein

• At several stage of the cascade

• At the point where G-protein activates an adenylyl cyclase

• At several stage of the cascade

Why does ACh slow the heart rate?

• It stimulates muscarinic receptors that open potassium channels

• It stimulates muscarinic receptors that close potassium channels

• It stimulates nicotinic receptors that open potassium channels

• It stimulates nicotinic receptors that close potassium channels

• It stimulates muscarinic receptors that open potassium channels

Which of the following regulates vital bodily functions as breathing?

• Cerebellum

• Brain stem

• Meninges

• Cerebrum

• Brain stem

Which side of the cerebellum is concerned with movements of the right hand?

• Left

• Dorsal

• Frontal

• Right

• Right

In what lobes do we find auditory, visual, somatosensory, and motor cortex?

• Temporal (auditory), occipital (visual), parietal (somatosensory), and frontal (motor cortex)

• Temporal (visual), occipital (auditory), parietal (somatosensory), and frontal(motor cortex)

• Temporal (somatosensory), occipital (auditory), parietal (visual), and frontal(motor cortex)

• All sensory cortex is in the parietal lobe, and the motor cortex is in the frontal lobe

• Temporal (auditory), occipital (visual), parietal (somatosensory), and frontal (motor cortex)

When you place your hand on a speaker while playing loud music, which mechanoreceptor enables you to “feel” the speaker’s vibration?

• Meissner’s corpuscles

• Ruffini’s endings

• Pacinian corpuscles

• Cutaneous mechanoreceptors

• Pacinian corpuscles

Which of the following has large receptive fields that may cover an entire finger or half of the palm?

• Merkel’s disk

• Pacinian corpuscles

• Meissner’s corpuscles

• Krause end bulbs

• Pacinian corpuscles

What are mechanoreceptors?

• Sensitive to high-frequency vibrations

• Sensitive to smooth, mechanical surface

• Sensitive to physical distortion

• Sensitive to temperature change

• Sensitive to physical distortion