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What is a hydrogen bond?
A bond where a hydrogen atom bonds to another electronegative atom.
Where can you find a hydrogen bond in water?
Between a positively charged hydrogen atom and negatively charged oxygen atom of another chemical.
Where is the hydrogen bond found in DNA?
Hydrogen bond is found between the nitrogenous base pairs (ACTG).
How many hydrogen bonds are in between each nitrogenous base pair?
2 in between AT and 3 in between CG.
What is the structure of a amino acid?
A central carbon atom attached to an amino group, a carbouxly group, a hydrogen atom, and a “R group”
What are the three types of R groups and what is there polarity?
nonpolar (hydrophobic, polar (hydrophlic), and charged (either acidic or basic.
Why is water considered a polar molecule?
Enequal sharing of electrons between the atoms and the unsymmetrical shape of the molecule.
How can water move up a capillary tube to move from the roots to the leaves?
As water evaporates from the leaf, hydrogen bonds cause the water molecules leaving the veins to tug on the molecules further down-pulling the water up through the plant. This is made possible by cohesion as the water attempts to stick together, and also adhesion as adhesion of water to cell walls by hodrgen bonds helps counter the downward pull of gravity as water moves up the capillary tube.
What are the three properties of water and how does hydrogen bonds allow each of these?
High surface tensions: The strong hydrogen bonds create a cohesive layer on the surface of water, allowing it to resist external force. High specific heat: Hydrogen bonds absorb a lot of energy before breaking, moderating temperature changes. Solvent properties: The polar nature of water allows it to dissolve various substances, facilitating chemical reactions.
Using water properties, explain how a water strider can walk on water?
The water strider can walk on water due to high surface tension created by hydrogen bonds between water molecules. This cohesive property allows the insect to distribute its weight across the surface without breaking the surface.
What are the four macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
What are the elements found in carbohydrates?
Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).
What are the three functions of carbohydrates in living organisms?
Energy source, structural support, and building blocks.
What are the elements found in proteins?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), and sometimes sulfur (S).
What are the functional groups found in all amino acids?
Amino group, carboxyl group, alpha carbon, and side chain.
What are three functions of proteins in living organisms?
Providing structure, regulating body processes, and balancing fluids.
What are the elements found in nucleic acids?
Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P).
What are parts found in all nucleotides?
A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugar molecule.
What are three functions of nucleic acids in living organisms?
carrying genetic information, facilitating protein synthesis and transmitting genetic information.
What are the elements found in a lipid?
Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and sometimes phosphorus (P).
How are the three different types of lipid different?
They differ in structure, function, and saturation levels. The three main types are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Triglycerides store energy, phospholipids form cell membranes, and steriods are components of cell membranes.
What are 3 functions of lipids in living organisms?
energy storage, cell membrane structure, signaling molecules.
What macromolecule(s) contain nitrogen?
Proteins and nucleic acids
What macromolecule(s) contain phosphorus?
Nucleic acids.
What macromolecule(s) contain sulfur?
proteins, and certain amino acids.
How does the R group affect the folding of the protein?
The R-groups stick out on the side of a polypeptide, freeing them to chemically interact with one another. Side chain interactions form each protein’s specific structure, a structure uniquely capable of performing that protein’s cellular function.
What is dehydration?
Dehydration is a chemical reaction that involves the removal of water molecules during the formation of a bond between two molecules, commonly seen in the synthesis of polymers from monomers.
What is an example of dehydration?
Someone forget to drink enough water while exercising on a hot day, leading to a dry mouth, dizziness, and fatigue, especially if the exercise is intense and prolonged.
What is hydrolysis?
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction that involves the addition of water molecules to break bonds between molecules, typically leading to the breakdown of polymers into monomers.
What is an example of hydrolysis?
The breakdown of sucrose, a disaccharide, into its component monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, by adding water, which is the process of breaking down compex carbohydrates into simpler forms.
What type of bond is found in carbohydrates?
Glycosidic bonds, covalent bonds that link monosaccharides together.
Where is the glycosidic bond found in carbohydrates
Between 2 monosaccharide units within a carbohydrate molecule.
What type of bond is found between protein monomers?
Covalent peptide bond.
Where is the covalent peptide bond located in protein monomers?
Between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the next amino acid.
What type of bonds is found between nucleic acid monomers?
Phosphodiester bond
Where is the phosphodiester bond located in the nucleic acid monomers?
Between the 5’ carbon of one sugar molecule in a nucleotide and the 3’ carbon of the adjacent sugar molecule.
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
A monosaccharide
What are the components of a monosaccharide?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
What is the monomer of a protein?
Amino acid
What is the component of amino acids?
A central carbon atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain.
What are the components of a phospholipid?
A glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails, a phosphate group, a hydrophilic head, and hydrophobic tails.
What type of bond is found in starch?
Alpha-glycosidic bonds
What type of bond is found in cellulose?
4-glycosidic bonds
What bond can be broken by animal?
alpha-glycosidic bonds.
How does a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid differ?
saturated fatty acids lack double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond, causing a bend in the molecule and affecting their physical properties.
How does the level of saturation affect the function of the lipid?
Saturated lipids tending to form solid, tightly packed structures.
Describe how a nonpolar to polar R group substitution changes the structure and function of a protein?
Polar R-groups are hydrophilic, preferring the surface, while nonpolar R-groups are hydrophobic, tending to cluster inside, disrupting these interactions, altering folding, and possibly impacting the protein's binding capabilities.
Describe how a cytosine to thymine substitution changes the structure and function of DNA
Alters the DNA sequence, potentially disrupting the normal structure and function of the resulting protein, depending on its location and the nature of the change.
Describe how a cytosine to guanine substitution changes the structure and function of the DNA
Changing the intended base pairing, which can lead to changes in protein synthesis or even lead to non-functional proteins.
Describe how a deoxyribose to ribose change the structure and function of a nucleic acid?
Altering their stability and reactivity.
