Large Animal Anatomy - CSU Exam 1

What is Anatomy?

the study of the form, nature and structures of the tissues and organs of the body and the relationships between them.

Median Plane (mid-sagittal)

a single plane dividing the head, body or limb longitudinally into EQUAL left and right halves

Sagittal Plane (paramedian or parasagittal)

A plane passing through the head, body or limb parallel to the median plane, dividing it into unequal parts.

Transverse Plane

a plane that cuts across the head, body or limb at a right angle to the median plane. Divides into cranial and caudal segments or passes through the long axis of an organ or part.

Frontal (Dorsal) Plane

a plane that runs at right angles to both the median and transverse planes, dividing the body or head into dorsal and ventral segments.

What are directional terms?

terms used to describe and position of structures in the quadruped

What does Cranial mean?

towards or near the head

What does rostral mean?

Towards or near the nose. Only applies to structures on the head.

What does Caudal mean?

towards or near the tail.

What does dorsal mean?

towards or near the back, or corresponding surface of the head, neck or tail. On the limbs it applies to the front surface of both the front and rear limbs.

What does ventral mean?

towards or near the belly, or corresponding surface of the head, neck, thorax and tail.

What does medial mean?

Towards or near the median plane.

What does lateral mean?

(antonym of medial) away or further from the median plane

What does proximal mean?

closer to or relatively near the body or origin

What does distal mean?

away or farther from the body or origin

What does palmer mean?

The area of the forelimb distal to the carpus referring to the back surface of the limb, including the surface that contacts the ground in the standing animal.

What does plantar mean?

the area of the hindlimb distal to the tarsus referring to the back surface of the limb, including the surface that contacts the ground in the standing animal.

What does superficial mean?

near or relatively near the surface of the body or the surface of a solid organ and further away from the center of the body.

What does deep mean?

relatively near the center of the body or the center of an organ and further away from the body surface.

What does internal mean?

closer to the body cavity or the center of an organ

What does external mean?

farther away from the. body cavity or center of an organ

What does flexion mean?

a folding movement that decrease the angle between two bones, thus moving the bones closer together.

What does extension mean?

a movement that increases the angle between two bones, thus moving the bones further apart. It restores the body part to its anatomical position after flexion.

What does Abduct mean?

to move a limb or body part away from the median plane.

What does adduct mean?

to move a limb or body part closer to the median plane.

What does rotation mean?

the movement of limb or part around its long axis.

What does Circumduction mean?

the motion of a limb that resembles a circle.

What does supination mean?

the movement of the limb so the palmar/plantar is rotated medially or dorsally.

What does pronation mean?

the medial movement of the palmar/plantar side of the paw so that it faces ventrally

What is osteology?

The study of bones

What are flat bones?

relatively thin and expand in two directions. Also are large areas for muscle attachment.

Examples: scapula, pelvic girdle, skull

What are short bones?

small and cubicle. Can be found in complex joints. Also are shock absorbers. Mostly found grouped together at carpus and tarsus.

What are irregular bones?

complex jutting processes, generally on median plane.

Examples: vertebrae, non-flat bones of skull, pelvis

What are sesamoid bones?

small, round bones. present near freely moving joints. They reduce friction and change angle of muscle pull

Examples: patella, proximal and distal sesamoid bones.

What are long bones?

Associated with limbs, provide leverage and suppport.

What are the four primary parts of the long bone?

Metaphysis, diaphysis, epiphysis, and epiphyseal cartilage.

What is a compact bone?

the thick solid part of the bone, not much vasculature.

What is the medullary cavity of the bone?

Marrow filled space within the diaphysis.

What is the cancellous bone?

spongy latticework, occupying medullary cavity. Filled with bone marrow.

What is the cortex?

compact bone surrounding the medullary cavity.

What is the articular surface of the bone?

surface covered in smooth layer of cartilage over the epiphysis. this is also the sight at which one bone forms a joint with another bone. Also provides a range of motion.

What is the periosteum?

a tough fibrous membrane, cover non-articular surfaces of all bones also attachment for ligaments and tendons.

What is the axial skeleton?

The bones and cartilages of the skull, hyoid apparatus, larynx, vertebral column, ribs and sternum.

What are the five parts of the vertebral column arranged from cranial to caudal?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal.

What are the two specialized cervical vertebrae?

The atlas which is the first cervical vertebrae which fuses with the skull and the axis which is the second cervical vertebrae.

What part of the vertebral column do most all species have in common?

The cervical vertabrae.

What do the ribs and sternum do?

provide protection for the thoracic organs.

Sternum (sternabrae)

series of unpaired bones that make up the floor of the thorax.

What is the manubrium?

the longer first sternabrae

What is the xiphoid process?

the wider, thinner last sternabrae

What is the costal cartilage?

the cartilaginous portion of the ribs.

What is the scapula?

First bone of the thoracic limb. Common name: Shoulder bone

What is the humerus?

On its proximal end, it articulates with the scapula. Common name: arm or brachial bone

What is the radius?

major weigh-bearing bone of the forelimb. Forms forearm with ulna. Articulates distally with the carpus.

What is the ulna?

forms the forearm with the radius. very thin. Joins proximally with the humerus. Joins distally with the carpus.

What is the olecranon?

the point of the elbow.

what is the carpus?

common name: knee

sits between the forearm and metacarpus

What is the manus?

the distal portion of the thoracic limb.

What is the metacarpus?

area of manus located between the carpus and the digits. Common name: Cannon bone

Ruminant metacarpus or cannon bone?

metacarpals 3 and 4 are fused. also has small metacarpal 5.

Equine metacarpus or cannon bone?

metacarpal 3 forms bone and metacarpals 2 and 4 form the splint bones.

proximal phalanx (long pastern)

articulates proximally with the cannon bone and distally with the middle phalanx

middle phalanx (short pastern)

articulates proximally with the proximal phalanx and distally with the distal phalanx

distal phalanx (coffin bone)

articulate proximally with the middle phalanx

proximal sesamoid bone

Equine have 2. Bovine have 4.

distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone)

Small wedge-shaped bone that lies under the back of the coffin bone. Equine have 1. Bovine have 2.

What is another name for hip bone?

os coxae

What is the ileum?

most cranial part of the pelvic girdle. The wings articulate with the sacrum at the tuber sacrale.

What is the Ischium?

the caudal portion of the os coxae or hip bone. Extension of this structure is called the ischiatic tuberosity.

What is the hole in the os coxae called?

The obturator foramen.

What is the tuber sacrale?

medial extension. Next to sacrum.

What is the ischiatic tuberosity?

Thigh muscle attachment. common name: pins

What is the femur?

Common name: Thigh bone Articulates proximally with the os coxae and distally with the tibia and fibula.

What is the patella?

common name: Kneecap. Largest sesamoid bone in the body

Tibia and Fibula

Tibia common name: shin bone

Fibula common name: calf bone

Tibia is large bone, both articulate proximally with the femur and distally with the tarsus.

What is the tarsus?

common name: hock bone, the two rows of bones between between the lower limb and the metatarsal region.

Weight bearing digits of a bovine?

1st digit is missing. Weight bearing digits are 3 and 4. Digits 2 and 5 are non-weight digits.(dewclaws)

Simple joint

2 bones, 1 point

Compound joint

3-8 bones, 1 point

Fibrous joint

Exists as a joint, but doesn’t move (i.e. skull)

Acetabulum

“Socket” for hip joint

Frog

Part of hoof that redistributes impact of the hoof on the ground, also pushes blood around leg from hoof

Bursa 

“Pillow”, includes a capsule, membrane, and fluid; protects tendons from bones

(Hoof) Wall

Outside of hoof, includes the toe and bars

Synovial structures

Fibrous capsule/layer

Synovial membrane

Articular cartilage

Synovial fluid

Synovial membrane

Makes synovial fluid

Synovial joints are called:

True joints

Cubital joint

Elbow joint scientific name

Carpal joint

Knee joint scientific name

Sacroiliac joint (SI)

Joint that connects the sacrum and ilium, located at the tuber sacrale

Coxofemoral Joint

Hip joint

Distal interphalangeal joint

Coffin joint

Proximal interphalangeal joint

Pastern joint

Metatarsophalangeal/Metacarpophalangeal joint

Fetlock joint

Stifle joint

Distal femur, patella, proximal tibia & fibia