Psychology 1-01 Brain, Mind and Behavior Chapter 3

Neurosceince

the study of how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

Cerebral Cortex

Supports cognitive skills, advanced emotions, and mental activity. Divides into 4 parts; frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes

Neurons

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the brain

Genes

inside neurons that make up DNA (determines traits)

Nature vs. Nurture

Nature: biological instruction in your genes Nurture: your lived experiences

neurodiversity

the idea that people with special needs have diverse brain structures, with each person having neurological strengths and weaknesses that should be appreciated, in much the same way diverse cultures and ethnicities are welcomed

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves. Carries signals to and from you brain (thoughts, perceptions, and neurons)

Nerves

bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

motor neurons

neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement

sensory neurons

carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain

Interneurons

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

spinal cord

A long tube that connects the brain to your lower back: contains neurons

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

somatic nervous system

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles

autonomic nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

symapthetic nervous system

fight or flight

endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

adrenal glands

glands that help the body recover from stress and respond to emergencies

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

pituatary gland

Sends messages to relugate other endocrine glands throughout the body modulation hunger, sexual arousal, and sleep, and produces sex hormones

Forebrain

The largest and most complicated region of the brain, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum.

Midbrain

A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward.

Hindbrain

medulla, pons, cerebellum

occipital lobe

the lobe that specializes in vision

temporal lobe

hearing

parietal lobe

lobe that specializes in all your seses (smell, taste, hearing, seeing, and touch)

frontal lobe

movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

insular lobe

taste, awareness of internal organs

visual cortex

The vision part of the occipital

auditory cortex

Cortex responsible for hearing

Gustatory cortex

Cortex that controls tasting

Olfactory cortex

smelling

Somatosensory Cortex

touching cortex :

left hemisphere

language, math, and logic

Lateralization

cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain than the other

right hemisphere

controls the left side of the body; creative, intuitive, spacial

Phrenology

measuring bumps on the brain discover traits

Neuropsychology

The study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain.

Single-cell recordings (or single-unit recordings)

Measure the responsive- ness of a neuron to a given stimulus (in terms of action potentials per second).

Stimulus

a signal to which an organism responds

Electronencephalograph

(EEG)

an amplified recording of the electrical waves across the brain's surface

MEG (megnetoencephalography)

a brain imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brain's natural electrical activity

Position Emission Tomography (PET)

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

fMRI (functional MRI)

A technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.

deep brain simulation (DBS)

Treatment for psychological disorders that involves passing electricity through electrodes planted in the client's brain to stimulate the brain at a certain frequency and intensity.

transcranial megnetic stimulation

electrical stimulation via magnetic coil placed on head

5 times per week for 4-6 weeks

transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

electrical stimulation of the brain

action potential

nerve impulse

ion channels

channel proteins that transport ions

Repolarization

Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell.

refractory period

a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired

Synapes

space between neurons

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers

amino acids

monomers of proteins

Monoamines

norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction

Edorphins

best known neurotransmitters, reduce pain or produce pleasure (runners high)

Functions: Pain Perception

Disease: opiate addiction

Opiods

Naloxone

Antagonist

Naloxone, competes naturaly occurring neurotransitter heroin over doce, the psychoactive drug by percening it from the bid