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Neurosceince
the study of how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
Cerebral Cortex
Supports cognitive skills, advanced emotions, and mental activity. Divides into 4 parts; frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes
Neurons
a nerve cell; the basic building block of the brain
Genes
inside neurons that make up DNA (determines traits)
Nature vs. Nurture
Nature: biological instruction in your genes Nurture: your lived experiences
neurodiversity
the idea that people with special needs have diverse brain structures, with each person having neurological strengths and weaknesses that should be appreciated, in much the same way diverse cultures and ethnicities are welcomed
nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves. Carries signals to and from you brain (thoughts, perceptions, and neurons)
Nerves
bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs
motor neurons
neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement
sensory neurons
carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain
Interneurons
neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
spinal cord
A long tube that connects the brain to your lower back: contains neurons
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
somatic nervous system
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
symapthetic nervous system
fight or flight
endocrine system
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
adrenal glands
glands that help the body recover from stress and respond to emergencies
Hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
pituatary gland
Sends messages to relugate other endocrine glands throughout the body modulation hunger, sexual arousal, and sleep, and produces sex hormones
Forebrain
The largest and most complicated region of the brain, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum.
Midbrain
A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward.
Hindbrain
medulla, pons, cerebellum
occipital lobe
the lobe that specializes in vision
temporal lobe
hearing
parietal lobe
lobe that specializes in all your seses (smell, taste, hearing, seeing, and touch)
frontal lobe
movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement
insular lobe
taste, awareness of internal organs
visual cortex
The vision part of the occipital
auditory cortex
Cortex responsible for hearing
Gustatory cortex
Cortex that controls tasting
Olfactory cortex
smelling
Somatosensory Cortex
touching cortex :
left hemisphere
language, math, and logic
Lateralization
cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain than the other
right hemisphere
controls the left side of the body; creative, intuitive, spacial
Phrenology
measuring bumps on the brain discover traits
Neuropsychology
The study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain.
Single-cell recordings (or single-unit recordings)
Measure the responsive- ness of a neuron to a given stimulus (in terms of action potentials per second).
Stimulus
a signal to which an organism responds
Electronencephalograph
(EEG)
an amplified recording of the electrical waves across the brain's surface
MEG (megnetoencephalography)
a brain imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brain's natural electrical activity
Position Emission Tomography (PET)
a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
fMRI (functional MRI)
A technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.
deep brain simulation (DBS)
Treatment for psychological disorders that involves passing electricity through electrodes planted in the client's brain to stimulate the brain at a certain frequency and intensity.
transcranial megnetic stimulation
electrical stimulation via magnetic coil placed on head
5 times per week for 4-6 weeks
transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
electrical stimulation of the brain
action potential
nerve impulse
ion channels
channel proteins that transport ions
Repolarization
Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell.
refractory period
a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired
Synapes
space between neurons
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers
amino acids
monomers of proteins
Monoamines
norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction
Edorphins
best known neurotransmitters, reduce pain or produce pleasure (runners high)
Functions: Pain Perception
Disease: opiate addiction
Opiods
Naloxone
Antagonist
Naloxone, competes naturaly occurring neurotransitter heroin over doce, the psychoactive drug by percening it from the bid
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