Unit 4 & 5

Polk administration

Polk administration

________ settled territorial dispute by signing treaty with England.

Great disparity

________ in distribution of wealth in northern cities, elite few controlled most of the personal wealth and led lives of power and comfort.

Horace Mann

________ was instrumental in pushing for public education and education reform in general.

Cult of domesticity

________, supported by popular magazines and novels that glorified home life.

William Crawford

________ suffered a stroke after the initial election and was not a real contender for the House vote.

Andrew Jackson

________ received the greatest number of popular votes and electoral votes but no one had a majority.

Industrialization

________ resulted in bigger cities with large (and often impoverished) migrant and immigrant neighborhoods.

John C Calhoun

In 1828, ________, Jackson's vice president, anonymously published "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest "arguing that states who felt the 50 percent tariff was unfairly high could nullify the law.

Adams

The Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations, was passed during the ________ administration but almost turned into a national crisis during Jackson's administration.

Mexico

________ declared independence from Spain in 1821, included what is now Texas and Southwest.

Steamships

________ replaced sailing ships for long sea voyages and railroads replaced land travel.

Jefferson

________ sent explorers, among them Lewis and Clark, to investigate the western territories, including much of what was included in the Louisiana territory.

Power loom

________ in 1813 allowed manufacturers to produce both thread and finished fabric in own factories quickly and efficiently.

Inventions of steam

________ engine and telegraph revolutionized travel and shipping, allowing for faster and more efficient transportation and communication.

Telegraph

________ allowed for immediate long- distance communication and widespread use followed its invention almost immediately.

Midwest

Smith's preaching, particularly his acceptance of polygamy, drew strong opposition in the East and ________, culminating in his death by a mob while imprisoned in Illinois.

1824

Jackson's campaign for presidency in ________ was vicious, with surrogates accusing opponents of corruption and misconduct.

social life

Family and church played a dominant role in ________, as there were few people around to support organized cultural and leisure events.

Fur trading

________ was another common commercial enterprise on the frontiers, with ________ often being the first pioneers in a region.

early 19th century

Growth of American economy in ________ brought about numerous social changes.

19th century

The ________ saw the beginnings of true social reform in the United States, with many social reform movements growing out of the Second Great Awakening, a period of religious revival.

northeastern economy

Farming played less of a role in ________ than elsewhere in the country.

Westward migration

________ brought new set of social problems, including issues of land ownership, displacement of Native Americans, and question of slavery.

Tecumseh

________ unified area tribes to stop American expansion.

Cotton gin

________ and Industrial Revolution in England altered southern agriculture and increased reliance on slave labor.

Manifest Destiny

Americans believed in God- given right to western territories, known as America's ________.

Jackson

In 1828, ________ won the election by a large margin and became the first president who wasn't born in Virginia or named Adams.

Thomas Jefferson

________ faced with a dilemma with regards to the Constitution and the power of the federal government.

Development of commerce

________ led to larger middle class, especially in North but also in southern and midwestern cities.

Whigs

________ were a loose coalition united by opposition to Democratic party policies.

New England Federalists

________ opposed the Louisiana Purchase because they feared (correctly) that more western states would be more Democratic states, and that they would lose political power.

Missouri

________ is the first state carved out of Louisiana Purchase and slavery debate continues until Civil War.

Indian Removal Act

Jackson's treatment of the Cherokees with the ________ of 1830 is one of the most criticized policies by modern scholars.

Mechanization

________ revolutionized farming in the first half of the 19th century, with many machines such as mechanical plow, sower, reaper, thresher, baler, and cotton gin coming into common use.

central regions of New York State

The western and ________ were known as the Burned- over District for the spiritual fervor in the area.

Judiciary Act

The ________ of 1789 gave the Supreme Court the authority to order federal appointees (such as Madison) to deliver appointments such as William Marburys.

1804

In ________, Jefferson won reelection in a landslide victory.

Textile mills

________ in New England produced thread and hired local women to weave thread into cloth at home.

Specie Circular

________, which ended the policy of selling government land on credit, caused a money shortage and a sharp decrease in the treasury, and helped trigger the Panic of 1837.

Alexander Hamilton

________ swallowed hard and campaigned for Jefferson, with whom he disagreed on most issues and whom he personally disliked, because he believed Burr to be "a most unfit and dangerous man ..

Whig William Henry Harrison

________ became president in 1841, but died a month later.

Joseph Smith

________ formed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- Day Saints in 1830.

Tyler

________ vetoed numerous Whig bills, causing his cabinet to resign in protest.

Democrat Martin Van Buren

Jackson supported ________ for vice president.

John Quincy Adams

________ negotiated treaties to fix U.S. borders and open new territories.

Texas

________ was independent country called Republic of Texas.

Henry Clay

________ lobbied aggressively for American System, often referred to as "Henry Clay's American System.

Marshalls decision in the case established one of the most important principles of the Supreme Court

judicial review

Monroe Doctrine

Policy of mutual non-interference and America's right to intervene in its own hemisphere

Three different sections of the country

North, South, and West (including Midwest) developed in different directions

Chief crops

tobacco and cotton required vast acreage

White abolitionists divided into two groups

Moderates wanted emancipation to take place slowly and with the cooperation of slave owners, while immediatists wanted emancipation at once

Davis

________ tried to modernize the southern economy, but lagged behind in industrialization.

Andrew Johnson

With Lincoln's assassination, ________ assumed the presidency and developed the Reconstruction Plan which required a loyalty oath but barred many former Confederate elite from taking it.

Wilmot Proviso

________: Congressional bill to prohibit extension of slavery in territories gained from Mexico.

Definition of popular sovereignty

________ was vague and different interpretations by Northerners and Southerners.

Fugitive slave law

________ made it easier to retrieve escaped enslaved people, but required cooperation from citizens of free states and seen as immoral.

Robert Smalls

________ founded Republican Party of South Carolina and served in U.S. House of Representatives in the 1880s.

Lincoln

________ argued for gradual emancipation, compensation to slaveholders, and colonization of freed enslaved people.

mid 20th century

Sharecropping existed until ________, included more whites than Blacks.

Abraham Lincoln

________) questioned Polk's claim of Mexican first fire.

John Wilkes Booth

________ assassinated Lincoln five days later.

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln issued the ________ in September 1862 after the Union victory at Antietam.

Southerners

________: saw future where slavery was confined to southeast quarter and outvoted by free- soil advocates.

George McClellan

________ lost due to opposing majority of Democrats.

Reconstruction

________ refers to the period of 1865- 1877 and the process of readmitting southern states, rebuilding physical damage, and integrating newly freed Blacks into society.

Illinois Senate

The 1858 ________ race between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas was nationally watched, with Lincoln delivering his "House Divided "speech and Douglas damaging his political career with his ambiguous stance on popular sovereignty.

Civil War

The ________ impacted not only the battlefields, but also the political, economic, and social realms.

John Browns

________ raid on Harper's Ferry in 1859 and his subsequent execution sparked northern abolitionist support.

central issue

Slavery was the ________, but not the only or explicitly stated reason for the Civil War.

Hayes

Compromise of 1877 was reached to resolve the election, ________ won and ended military reconstruction, federal troops pulled out of Southern states.

Democratic convention

The 1860 ________ split between Northern Democrats supporting Douglas and Southerners supporting Breckinridge.

second confiscation act

The ________ allowed the government to liberate all enslaved people, but Lincoln refused to enforce it.

Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas

The act was promoted by ________ to bring money and jobs to his home state through the termination of the transcontinental railway in Illinois.

James Buchanan

________ was US president from 1857- 1861 and worked to maintain the status quo by enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act and opposing abolitionist activism.

War Democrats

________: war necessary to preserve Union.

Jefferson Davis

________ took control of southern economy and imposed taxes.

Mexican War

________: successful for American forces, resulted in Mexican Cession (Southwest land) for $ 15 million.

Lincoln

________ supported complete emancipation and the Thirteenth Amendment before his reelection campaign.

Emancipation Proclamation

The ________ stated that the government would liberate all slaves in states "in rebellion "on January 1, 1863.

Lincoln

Copperheads: accused ________ of national social revolution.

Northerners

feared new states in West would be slave states, thus tipping balance in favor of proslavery forces

Opponents

believed war was provoked by slaveholders, resulting in slave owners having control over government

Mexican War

successful for American forces, resulted in Mexican Cession (Southwest land) for $15 million

Gadsden Purchase ($10 million)

southern regions of modern Arizona and New Mexico for transcontinental railroad

East of Mississippi

evenly divided between lands suited for plantation agriculture (slavery) and those not

West of Mississippi

not suitable for traditional plantation crops

Southerners

saw future where slavery was confined to southeast quarter and outvoted by free-soil advocates

Copperheads

accused Lincoln of national social revolution