WORLD HISTORY-Early Europe

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Where was Rome located?

Italian peninsula along the Mediterranean Sea

Who were the Romans influenced by?

Greeks & neighboring Etruscans

Who was Rome ruled by initially?

Rome was originally ruled by kings

What form of government did Rome create in 509 BCE?

Romans created a republic

REPUBLIC

government in which citizens have the power to elect their leaders

Senate

important & powerful with 300 members, elected to make laws and taxes

Popular Assemblies

citizen groups who voted on law and elected officials

Magistrates

public officials who governed in the name of Rome

Jobs and powers of the Senate

The Senate also controlled public funds and made foreign policy decisions. They could propose a dictator during a time of emergency in the Republic.

\____ Consul(s) were elected for \___________(how long) terms and served as chief executives

Two, one-year

Power of the Roman Consuls

had veto power over each other

VETO

refuse to approve

Roman Consuls governed with advice of the \____________

Senate

How many types of Roman Officials were there?

Two main types of Roman officials

PRAETORS

officials who helped the consuls command armies and oversee the legal system

CENSORS

elected officials who registered citizens according to wealth

How many social classes was Roman society was divided into?

2 social classes

PATRICIANS

powerful aristocratic class organized into clans

PLEBEIANS

all citizens except the Patricians

In 450 BCE, Romans engraved laws on tablets known as the \________________

Twelve Tables

Where were the Twelve Tables placed?

Placed in the Forum

What happened to the distinction between classes in Rome by 300 BCE?

By 300 BCE, distinction between classes became less important

By the 3rd century B.C.E., the Romans conquered the \______________ & began to exert power in the \_________________ world

Italian peninsula, Mediterranean

the growth of Rome threatened \___________, the superpower of the Mediterranean world

Carthage

What happened during the Punic Wars?

Rome defeated Carthage & became the dominant power in the Mediterranean

What did Rome do after the Punic Wars?

Rome conquered new territories & gained great wealth

Who led Rome's expansion after the Punic Wars?

led Rome's expansion was a politician named Julius Caesar

Caesar joined with \________________ and \_________________ to form the First Triumvirate in 60 BCE

Gaius Pompey, Licinius Crassus

Who became Consul in 59 BCE?

Julius Caesar

What did Julius Caesar do after 59 BC?

* Spent 10 years bringing Gaul under Roman rule
* In 49 BCE, Caesar marched on Rome
* Gaius Pompey and his followers fled to Greece
* Caesar traveled to Egypt and put Cleopatra on the throne

In 46 BCE, Caesar returned to Rome. What did the Senate name him in 44 BCE?

named him Dictator for life

What happened to Caesar on March 15, 44 BCE?

he was stabbed to death

Why was Caesar assassinated?

Some envied his new status

Which 3 people formed the Second Triumvirate?

Octavian, Marc Antony, and Lepidus

What happened to Lepidus?

pushed out of the Triumvirate and sent into exile

Who did Antony ally with in Egypt?

Cleopatra

\____________ declared war on Antony & Cleopatra

Octavian

Who did Octavian defeat in 31 BCE?

In 31 BCE, Octavian defeated Antony & Cleopatra's fleet & captured Alexandria

In 27 BCE, Senate titled Octavian \_____________, meaning "the revered one"

Augustus

Augustus/Octavian became the first \_________________?

First Roman Emperor

When Augustus became king, the Roman state became the Roman \___________

Empire

\_____ was the last Julio-Claudian emperor, from 54 to 68 CE

Nero

After Nero's death, a number of different emperors ruled Rome. What were they called?

the Good Emperors

The period of time from Augustus' reign to the death of Aurelius, 27 BCE through 180 CE, is known as the \____ \___________

Pax Romana

AQUADUCTS

bridge-like structures that carried water from the mountains

Roman Law was a \______________ factor

unifying

What did the Twelve Tables address?

needs of the huge empire

When the Twelve Tables were changed to address the needs of the empire it developed the idea of

certain basic legal principles apply to all humans

What did Augustus restore?

the Roman Army

PRAETORIAN GUARD

small, elite force kept in Rome to protect the Emperor

What was the primary occupation in Rome?

Agriculture

Products exported out of Rome

Olive and wine products

COLONUS

tenant farmer who replaced slaves on large estates

What linked cities to Rome

roads

Living Conditions of Patricians

* Luxurious living
* City and Country homes
* Lots of time for leisure

Living Conditions of Plebeians

* Majority
* Ate 3 simple meals each day
* Most were artisans and farmers

Sources of amusement in Rome

* Theater: comedy and satire
* Chariot racing at Circus Maximus
* Events at the Colosseum, including gladiator combat

Applied scientific knowledge from the \________

Greeks

The biggest contribution was from Roman architects with their use of \__________ in constructing large buildings

concrete

True or False: Boys and girls entered school at age 7 to study basic subjects

True

True or False: After age 13, boys and girls continued with school

Flase: After age 13, ONLY BOYS continued with school

Name two great poets of Rome

Virgil and Ovid

What alphabet do we use today?

Roman/Latin alphabet

Why is the location of Palestine so important?

near water \----\> water \= trade opportunities

Abraham (Judaism)

"father of the Hebrew people"

Where did Abraham move the Hebrews to?

Abraham moved the Hebrew people to Canaan

In 1650 BCE, the Hebrew people moved to \________ and were made into slaves

Egypt

Exodus

Hebrews leaving Egypt

What happened during the Exodus?

the Jews wandered for 40 years

Who led the Jews back to Canaan?

Moses

Jews are monotheistic and believe that they are God's \________ \_________

chosen people

What are the Ten Commandments the basis for in Judaism?

basis for Jewish law and guide Jewish behavior

When does the Sabbath, known as Shabbat, run for and what do Jews do on the Sabbath?

runs from sundown Friday to sundown Saturday and Jews rest on the Sabbath

4 primary sects of Judaism

Reform, Reconstructionist, Conservative and Orthodox

Star of David

Symbol of Judaism

Where do Jews worship?

synagogue

The Torah

Sacred literature in Judaism

What 5 books are in the Torah?

Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy

What language is the Torah written in?

Hebrew

Christianity was created in 31 CE in \______________

Jerusalem

The ultimate goal of Christianity

to enter the eternal kingdom of heaven after death

Why did Christianity become popular?

it appealed to a wide base of people as Christianity taught that God accepts all people - men, women, poor, rich, etc.

What miracle made Jesus divine?

Jesus was born to the Virgin Mary

DISCIPLES

followers

What did Jesus do at the age of 30?

he began to travel and preach and gained a group of disciples

What was Jesus hailed as when he went to Jerusalem?

"King of Jews"

Why did the Romans fear Jesus?

Romans feared Jesus would lead an uprising

What was Jesus sentenced to after being tried before Pontius Pilate?

crucifixion

According to the gospels, Jesus rose from the dead \__ days after his crucifixion, stayed on earth for \___ more days and then ascended to heaven.

3, 40

What do Christians believe prove that Jesus is the messiah?

the resurrection and ascension prove that Jesus is the messiah

Bishops became the head of the church in each city and over time, the Bishop of Rome took the title of \______.

Pope

The Bible

Sacred literature in Christianity

The Bible is made up of

the Old Testament (first 5 are the same as Judaism) and the New Testament (starts with the birth of Jesus)

After Rome conquered Judea, \_____________ spread through the Roman Empire

Judaism

What did the new laws put in place in Rome not allow?

Jews to practice their religion their way

What did the upset Jews do after these new laws were put in place?

they rebelled

The Jews rebelled again...How did the Romans respond?

by kicking them out of Judea

last of the Good Emperors

Marcus Aurelius

What happened after the reign of Marcus Aurelius?

Rome started to decline

What factors were part of Rome's decline?

* frequent wars disrupted trade
* massive food shortages occurred
* disease spread
* population declined