Gas exchange and transport

Respiratory quotient for a mixed diet =

8 molecules of CO2 are produced for every 10 O2 molecules that are consumed

O2 consumption is approx...

250 ml

Alveolar ventilation is approx...

840 ml of O2

Is there a larger percentage of O2 or CO2 in the atmosphere?

O2

Is CO2 or O2 higher in the blood?

CO2

Why is there a bigger concentration of CO2 in the blood than O2?

CO2 is approx 22 times more soluble

Pressure is directly proportional to...

Concentration

The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture

Dalton's law

The proportion of gas that will dissolve into a liquid is directly related to the partial pressure of the gas in the gas phase

Henry's law

If there is a greater partial pressure of gas in the gas phase than the liquid phase, then the gas will...

Dissolve into the liquid

If there is a greater partial pressure of the gas in the liquid phase than the gas phase, then the gas will...

Re-enter the gaseous phase

The partial pressure of the gas is directly proportional to the concentration of...

Gas dissolved in liquid

P =

Force/area

Solubility of the gas and temperature affect...

Dissolution

CO2 is more soluble than...

O2

O2 is more soluble than...

N2

During diving, divers breathe...

Pressurized air

If divers rising too rapidly, the nitrogen in the blood comes out of solution and forms...

Bubbles of gas in the blood

Where does oxygen attach on hemoglobin?

Iron on heme

Oxyhemoglobin, occurs in the pulmonary capillaries

Loading reaction

Deoxyhemoglobin, occurs in the systemic capillaries

Unloading reaction

Where does carbine dioxide attach in hemoglobin?

Beta chain (globin)

There is an inverse relationship between the binding of oxygen and carbon dioxide to hemoglobin

Haldane effect

Haldane effect in the lungs - the partial pressure gradient causes carbon dioxide to diffuse from the blood into the alveolar air, which causes carbon dioxide to...

Release from hemoglobin

Haldane effect in lungs - the partial pressure gradient causes oxygen to diffuse from the alveolar air into...

Blood and oxygen attaches to hemoglobin

Haldane effect on the tissues - the partial pressure gradient causes oxygen to diffuse from the blood into the tissue, which causes oxygen to...

Release from hemoglobin

Haldane effect in the tissues - the partial pressure gradient causes carbon dioxide to diffuse from the tissues into...

Blood and carbon dioxide attaches to hemoglobin

Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is formed by the enzyme...

Carbonic Anhydrase

Gas exchange in body tissues - anion exchanger 1 is a transport protein that exchanges chloride ions for...

Bicarbonate

Gas exchange in the body tissues - the unloading of oxygen increases because of the binding of H+ to...

Globin chains

What should CO2 be treated like in the body?

As an acid

Intermediate of glycolysis

Diphosphoglycerate (DPG)

DPG decreases...

Affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

DPG promotes...

Release of oxygen from hemoglobin

If a person is breathing 100% oxygen, the amount of oxygen attaches to hemoglobin...

Does not change (normally hemoglobin is completely saturated)

If a person is breathing 100%, the partial pressure of oxygen dissolved in blood plasma will...

Increase

Increasing the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood plasma increases...

Amount of oxygen diffused to tissues

Alveolar ventilation does not increase at the same rate as carbon dioxide production

Hypoventilation

Hypoventilation = CO2 and H+ are...

Increased

Hypoventilation =

Respiratory acidosis

Alveolar ventilation is greater than carbon dioxide production

Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation = CO2 and H+ are...

Decreased

Hyperventilation =

Respiratory alkalosis

Systemic arterial smooth muscle - increased levels of carbon dioxide cause...

Vasodilation

Systemic arterial smooth muscle - increased levels of oxygen cause...

Vasoconstriction

Pulmonary arterial smooth muscle - increased levels of oxygen cause...

Vasodilation

Pulmonary arterial smooth muscle - decreased levels of oxygen cause...

Vasoconstriction

O2 autoregulates...

Arteriole diameter

CO2 autoregulates...

Bronchiole diameter

Increase in perfusion = increased PCO2 and decreased PO2 =

Bronchodilation

Decrease in perfusion = decreased PCO2 and increased PO2 =

Bronchoconstriction

Mismatch of ventilation and perfusion leads to...

Difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli and venous pulmonary capillaries

Carbon dioxide levels are more tightly regulated and the partial pressure on the alveoli...

Equals venous pulmonary capillaries

Bronchiole diameter is altered by

CO2

Low CO2 causes...

Bronchoconstriction

High CO2 causes...

Bronchodilation

Ventilation-perfusion inequality occurs in healthy individuals due to:

Regional differences in ventilation in the lungs and regional differences in perfusion in the lungs

Because of the weight of the lung, the intrapleural pressure is lower at...

The apex than at the base

There is more ventilation in where of the lung?

Base rather than apex

During inspiration, the alveoli at the base of the lung expand...

More than in the apex

Zone 1 is usually...

Not observed in the normal healthy lung

Alveolar pressure exceeds pulmonary arterial and venous pressure = pressure in alveoli compresses the capillaries

Zone 1

Upper region of the lungs about 3 cm above the heart

In this region blood flows in pulses

Zone 2

Lose region of the lung

Zone 3

Base of lung =

Low V/Q <1 and wasted perfusion

Apex of lung =

High V/Q >1 and wasted ventilation