NFA 201- SmartBook Unit 4: How Food Becomes You

A collection of tissues that function in a related fashion is a(n) _____.

organ

The kidneys and bladder are part of the _____.

urinary system

One of the roles of the _____ is to eliminate the waste products from the digestion of food.

digestive system

The process by which large food components are broken down into smaller substances, including individual nutrients, is called ______.

digestion

The breakdown of food due to the action of enzymes secreted into the digestive tract would be an example of _____.

chemical digestion

Rank the levels of organization in the body from the simplest to the most complex.

1. Cell

2. Tissue

3. Organ

4. Organ systems

Nutrients and other substances that are taken up by the digestive tract during absorption may enter directly into _____.

the bloodstream and the lymphatic system

The main function of the __ is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

respiratory system

Which of the following options correctly lists the major organs of the digestive tract, from start to finish?

Mouth > esophagus > stomach > small intestine > large intestine

Which of the following are two functions of the digestive system?

Process foods into nutrients

Transport nutrients into blood or lymph

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are considered to be _____ organs of the digestive system.

accessory

The process of digestion involves which two types?

Chemical digestion

Mechanical digestion

Enzymes are _____ that can help in the breakdown of large substances.

proteins

The physical breakdown of food, such as the mixing of food by muscular contractions, is an example of _____.

mechanical digestion

The _____ transfers a mass of swallowed food from the mouth to the stomach.

esophagus

_____ is the process by which nutrients and other substances are taken up by the digestive tract.

Absorption

_____ is an involuntary, wavelike muscular contraction that propels food along the gastrointestinal tract.

Peristalsis

Place the major organs of the digestive tract in the correct order.

1. Mouth

2. Esophagus

3. Stomach

4. Small Intestine

5. Large Intestine

After food enters the stomach, the opening between the esophagus and stomach is closed by the _____.

lower esophageal sphincter

Which of the following are accessory organs of the digestive system and thus play a major role in digestion even though food does not pass directly through them?

Liver

Pancreas

Gallbladder

The lining of the stomach is protected from the acidic environment by _____.

the production of mucus

Proteins that help chemical reactions occur in your body are called _____.

enzymes

Once food enters the stomach and is mixed with gastric juice, the churning action of the stomach transforms it into a semisolid liquid called _____.

chyme

The ________ is a flap of tissue that covers the entrance to the trachea during swallowing.

epiglottis

The ring of muscular tissue at the base of the stomach that controls chyme release is called the _____.

pyloric sphincter

Peristalsis occurs in which of the following organs?

Stomach

Esophagus

Intestines

The main function of the lower esophageal sphincter is to _____.

prevents food from spilling back into the esophagus

_____ is a slippery substance that protects the stomach from its acid and digestive enzymes.

Mucus

Most nutrient digestion and absorption occurs in the _____.

small intestine

Chyme is formed in the _____.

stomach

The lining of the _____ is covered with tiny, fingerlike projections called villi.

small intestine

The role of the pyloric sphincter is to control the rate at which chyme _____.

leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine

Which options describe the absorptive cells of villi in the small intestine?

They are coated with microvilli

They secrete digestive enzymes

Fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into _____ within each villus.

lacteals

The small intestine connects the _____.

stomach to the large intestine

Rank the sections of the small intestine in order as they appear in the GI tract.

1. Duodenum

2. Jejunum

3. Ileum

A person can be diagnosed with the condition of constipation when he or she has a normal bowel movement less frequently than _____.

3 times per week

Diarrhea is a condition characterized by loose and watery stools that occur _____.

three or more times a day

The villi facilitate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by _____.

increasing the surface area of the small intestine

Vomiting can be a response to which of the following options?

Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol

Eating something toxic

Hormonal changes during pregnancy

Which of the following are water-soluble nutrients and thus enter the capillary network of a villus?

Amino acids

Minerals

Glucose

When the stomach's contents can flow back into (reflux) the esophagus, this causes symptoms that are often referred to as _____.

heartburn

_____ is present when feces are dry and difficult or painful to eliminate.

Constipation

A sore that occurs in the lining of the upper GI tract is called _____.

a peptic ulcer

_____ occurs when more water than normal is secreted into the GI tract or the GI tract absorbs less water than normal.

Diarrhea

The unpleasant experience that prevents toxic substances from entering the small intestine is called _____.

vomiting

Gallstones usually consist of ____.

cholesterol

Although the cause of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is unknown, which of the following factors may trigger the disorder?

Depression

Emotional stress

Certain foods

The symptoms of heartburn are often caused by a failure of the _____ to close properly.

gastroesophageal sphincter

A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that causes ulcers in the inner lining of the large intestine is _____.

ulcerative colitis

A peptic ulcer can form when _____, thus allowing hydrochloric acid or protein-digesting enzymes to destroy tissue in the stomach or small intestine.

the mucus layer in the stomach or small intestine breaks down

Cancer that starts in either the colon or the rectum is called _____.

colorectal cancer

Diarrhea often results from which two causes?

Bacterial infections

Viral infections

The main symptom of _____ is experiencing severe pain in the upper right area of the midsection within an hour or two after eating a fatty meal.

gallstones

_____ can be characterized by frequent bouts of abdominal pain and bloating with diarrhea or constipation.

Irritable bowel syndrome

_____ refers to metabolic processes that break down larger substances into smaller ones.

Catabolism

Ulcerative colitis is characterized by which of these signs and symptoms?

Rectal bleeding

Abdominal cramping

Diarrhea

Anaerobic metabolism involves a metabolic pathway that functions without _____.

oxygen

Colorectal cancer is characterized by cancerous _____ that form in the colon or rectum.

tumors

_____ refers to metabolic processes that build larger substances from smaller ones.

Anabolism

Anaerobic metabolism makes _____ aerobic metabolism.

much less ATP than