Unit 8

Nomenclature

Nomenclature

“name calling”

{nomin/nomen}

name

{cal/cla}

to shout, call

Binomial

two-name

ex. homo sapiens

Carl Linnaeus

Credited with establishing modern biological nomenclature used by both the botanical and zoological nomenclature boards

Aristotle

Greek philosopher whose classification based on observation of the natural world

Logic of Species

Artiste came up with this → definition → that is, what it means to be something, and not something

Eidos

Form in Greek by Aristotle

Translates into species

Genus

Means “kind” in Greek

Puts species into larger groups that unite species with common features

also has allomorphs → {gener}

Definition

Give genus and species → and tell why it is different from others within the saem genus

A triangle (species

is a polygon (genus)

that has three sides (differentia)

Problems with Aristotleian Definition

many new organisms, long differencia, many differential system

Binomial designation

System constructed by Linnaeus → two name designation instead of Aristotle’s 500 names for a species

The celestial bodies

What was composed of quintessence

quintessence

the purest or most perfect manifestaiton of something

celestial

heavenly

Ether (αἰθήρ)

Original Greek word Artistole used to describe quintessence

Ether

Constituted the stars and plants and of their spheres

Luminiferous

light-bearing

Ether called this because it was though to be the medium that carried light through the universe

This concept was gradually discarded because failed experiments of Morley.

coccus

grain, seed, berry, or kermes grain

usually bacteria called “cocci” because they resemble grains or berries

{staphylo}

bunch of grapes

like in staphylococcus → they literally look like a bunch of grapes

Billroth

He was a surgeon in the 1800’s who interpreted {strepto} which means twisted to mean chain.

So when he discovered strepptococcus → he called them this because they formed chains

bacillius

rod-shaped bacteria

Latin

What language do words usually have an “ae” , when in English they just have an E

{spire/spiro}

coil or twist of a spiral or coil

like in spirochete

{-chete}

In spirochete → it means hair

morpheme

minimal unit of meaning

{morph/morpho}

form or shape

{log}

study of

Combining forms which contain multiple morphemes, morphemes

What are braces used for?

{anthro}

man

{bio}

life

{entomo}

notched animal, insect (greek)

{ethno}

a race or nation of people

{etymo]

basic meaning of a word

{geo}

land, earth

{horo}

hour, time

{neuro}

nerve

{path}

suffering, disease, feeling

{psyco}

soul, mind

{phag}

eating in Greek

{ichthyo}

fish (Greek)

{sapro}

rotten

{rhizo/rhiz}

root

{iatr/iatro}

doctor or treatment

{hipp}

horse

{pus/pod}

feet

{octo}

eight

{ornith/ornitho}

bird

{ger}

old, like geriatrics

{carcin/carcino}

cancer

{partheno}

virgin

{carni}

meat or flesh

{cide}

kill

like suicide

{febri}

Fever

like febrifuge

{fuge}

to drive away, flee

like febrifuge

{fy}

make

like magnify

{herbi}

grass

herbivore: an animal that eats grass/plants

{insecti}

insect (latin)

insecticide: something that kills bugs

{magni}

big

magnify: to make bigger

{omni}

all

omnivore: one that eats all

{pater/patri}

father

{pesti}

troublesome animal, plant

pesticide: to kill pests/unwanted bugs

{pisci}

fish

like piscivorous: an animal that eats fish

{rani}

frog

like ranivorous: an animal that eats frogs

{sui}

self

like suicide: to kill oneself

{vermi}

worm

like vermifuge: to drive worms out of the body

{vor/vore}

eating (latin)

carnivore, herbivore

{ag/act}

do as in agent or reaction

{frag/fract}

break, as in frangible and fracture

{grav}

heavy, serious, pregnant, as in gravity and gravid

{host}

enemy, as in hostile and hostility

{neglig/neglect}

disregard, as in negligence and neglect

{sap/sip}

taste, as in insipid and sapid

{brevi}

short as in brevity and abbreviation

{joc}

jest, fun as in jocose and jocularity

{nebul}

cloud, as in nebular and nebulous

{rect}

right, as in correct and rectitude

{simil/simili}

like, as in similar and similitude

{squal}

rough, dirty, as in squalor and squaild

{radic}

roots as in eradicate a plant

figurative

this does not have its etymological meaning or sense

literal

this does have its etymological meaning

Genus and species

what two things do the words Homo sapien describe about an organism?

Kingdom, Phylum Class, order, family, Genus, Species

Divisions from biggest to smallest for taxonomy

{taxon}

order

science of

what does {onomy} in taxonomy mean?

Genus

Which word is capitalized, genus or species?

Species name

• Can be called specific name → of a species

• Species epithet (fancy word for name or title)

• Specific epithet → epithet used for botany

Genus names

• can be a Laitn word

• Can be a Greek word

• or a word from Greek and Latin roots and combining forms

• Or a modern word, usually transformed into a Latin form

  • Can be named after a person

Species name

• follows rules of Latin

• Is an adjective that describes the genus → a noun

• Or a participle, a noun in apposition to the genus, or a genitive

Participles

Adjectives made from verbs

→ a breaking heart

Genitives

• end in i or ne

• Added to a modern person’s name

  • Means of the person

Trinomina

used to label taxa smalled than species (subspecies)

Date and author of the publication

What is usually added along with a publication of a specie’s name?

Horizon

Language of Origin: Greek

Etymological meaning: Bounding circle

Modern meaning: the line or circle that forms the apparent boundary between earth and sky

vodka

Language of Origin: Russian

Etymological meaning: Little water

Modern meaning: type of distilled alcoholic beverage

whisky

Language of Origin: Gaelic

Etymological meaning: Water of life

Modern meaning: type of distilled alcoholic beverage

Sardonic

Language of Origin: Greek

Etymological meaning: Sardinian → Greek thought that these people made this expression a lot

Modern meaning: Grimly mocking, bitter or scornful laughter

OK

Language of Origin: English

Etymological meaning: Oll korrect

Modern meaning: alright

Magnanimity

A word that means generosity