UIC: BIOS 110 w/ Daemicke

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

Everything inside the cell, but outside of the nucleus; contains fluids and cytosol (jelly substance).

Archaea

Domain of prokaryotes, which are not membrane bound and live in extreme environments

Eukarya

Domain of membrane bound organelles

Golgi Apparatus: Function

Necessary for the packaging and shipping of proteins; done by assembling them into vesicles (may modify proteins)

Cytoskeleton Function

Serves as support and strength in order for cell to maintain shape

Three types of filaments within cytoskeleton

Microtubules, Microfilaments (Actin), and Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

Resist tension by pull, move cells (cilia and flagella), and participate in cell division

Intermediate Filaments

Resist tension by pull and help anchor the nucleus in place

Actin Filaments (Microfilaments)

Resists tension by compression, move cells via muscle contraction, and helps divide animal cells

Endosymbiotic theory

Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as endosymbiotic bacteria, which lived inside of eukaryotic cells

Cell Theory

All living things are composed of cells, cells preexist from other cells, and cells are the basic unit of life

In vitro

Outside organism or cell

In vivo

Inside organism or cell

7 properties of life

Cellular, reproduction, homeostasis, evolution, response to stimuli, growth and development, and metabolism

Features of all cells include. . .

Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, DNA, ribosomes, and plasma membrane

Three domain of cells

Bacteria, Eukarya, Archaea

Bacteria Cell Wall

Rigid structure that helps maintain shape

Glycolipids

Carbohydrates attached to lipids and form h-bonds with water molecules that surround cells, helping to stabilize the cell membrane

Glycoproteins

Molecules containing protein and carbohydrate chains; participates in cell-to-cell recognition and in the immune system

Cell-to-cell recognition

A cell's ability to distinguish from one cell to another; example: your immune system

Hormones

Your body's chemical messengers and are secreted into the body (made in the endocrine glands); slower response

Cytosol

A jelly like substance found within the cytoplasm

Chromatin

DNA+ histone proteins (help wrap up the DNA)

Nucleolus

Very center of nucleus and participates in rRNA synthesis

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Organelle containing little to none ribosomes, participates in lipid synthesis, cellular detoxification, and stores calcium

Lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes, breaking down food and worn out cells

Endomembrane system includes

Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, vesicles and the plasma membrane

Peroxisomes

Produce hydrogen peroxide; detoxify harmful substances; contains catalase to convert h2o2 to water

Amphiphilic is the same as . . .

Amphipathic

What part of the cell membrane is polar?

Phosphate heads

What part of the cell membrane is nonpolar?

Fatty acid tails

Peripheral Proteins

Proteins bound onto the surface of the membrane; top and bottom

Integral Proteins

Proteins that are embedded within the bilayer

Transport Proteins

Proteins that create a selectively permeable membrane as they help certain molecules pass back and forth through the membrane (ex: ion channels)

Receptor Proteins

Proteins that transmit information in and out of cells. They allow communication between cells and transmit signals

Support and Enzyme Proteins

Proteins that allow metabolic processes to occur much faster by decreasing the energy required to activate the reaction

Cholestrol in membrane Purpose

Helps keep consistency of cell's fluid and maintain stability (otherwise cell won't function properly)

What increases fluidity of the cell membrane?

Increase in temperature, more unsaturated bonds, shorter fatty acid tails, and smaller concentration of cholestrol

What decrease fluidity of the cell membrane?

Decrease in temperature, less unsaturated bonds, longer fatty acid tails, and higher concentration of cholestrol

Antigens

Foreign substances that trigger the attack of antibodies in the immune response

Antibody

A substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body

Passive Transport

No energy is required to move things down their concentration gradient

Active Transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient

What is concentration gradient?

difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another

Down the concentration gradient

From an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Against a concentration gradient

From low to high concentration

Semi-permeable membrane means. . .

Some substance will pass through the cell membrane, others may have a difficult time, while some can't diffuse across at all

Diffusion (and type of transport)

Passive Transport; particle movement from an area of high to low concentration, NET diffusion stops (dynamic equilibrium)

Osmosis (and type of transport)

Passive Transport; Net movement of water/solvent molecules through a SEMI-permeable membrane (also high to low)

Tonicity

Measurement of the solutions concentrative relative to the cytoplasm

Hypertonic

Higher concentration than cytoplasm

Hypotonic

Lower concentration than cytoplasm

Isotonic

Same concentration as cytoplasm

Facilitated Diffusion (and type of transport)

Passive Transport; Allows diffusion of large, insoluble compounds across a membrane down their concentration gradient

no energy required

Ion Channels

Pores that selectively allow ions to enter cells (down concentration gradient)

Uniport Channel

One substance moving in one direction across membrane

Antiport Channel

Transport of two or more substance in the opposite direction

Active Transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient

Capillaries

Small blood vessels that exchange nutrients and oxygen for carbon dioxide and waste

Blood vessels

Channels that carry blood throughout the body

What are ligands?

A molecule that binds to a receptor

What is a receptor?

A molecule that binds to ligand to cause some sort of response (immune).

Symport

Transport of two substance in the same direction

What is resting potential?

The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a cell membrane

Why is resting potential important?

It is important for the function of many bodily systems like sending messages

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A transport protein that uses one molecule of ATP for every 3 sodium ions to be transferred to the other side of the membrane (extracellular) and for 2 potassium ions to be brought inside (creates an electrical gradient) ; atp changes protein shape

What is a leakage channel?

Channels that are always open

What is a gated channel?

A channel with a gate that allows only certain molecules to pass through (controlled by protein)

Secondary Active Transport (Co-Transport)

Doesn't require a direct form of energy; a carrier protein allows sodium to come back down its concentration gradient while glucose comes along, AGAINST its concentration gradient

Primary Active Transport

Directly uses ATP

Endocytosis

A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.

Pinocytosis

Process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells (eats)

Exocytosis

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

receptor-mediated endocytosis

The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances

Signal Transduction

A series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell

energy

the ability to do work

kinetic energy

the energy an object has due to its motion

potential energy

stored energy

Metabolism

All the chemical reactions that take place in an organism, whether that's taking in or using energy

1st law of thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

2nd law of thermodynamics

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

Gibbs free energy

energy available to do work

Activation energy

energy that must be added to a system in order for the reaction to start

Delta G

difference in energy between reactants and products

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions (catalysts)

What is the active site in an enzyme?

The place where the substrate binds to

What is a substrate?

The substance that binds onto the enzyme

Enzyme-substrate complex

enzyme binds to its substrate

Three step enzyme action

1. Initiation
2. Transition state facilitation
3. Termination

Enzyme Initiation

reactants bind to the active site in a specific orientation

Enzyme transition state facilitation

interactions between enzyme and substrate lower the activation energy required; shape changes

Enzyme Termination

Products have lower affinity (or attraction) for active site and are released. Enzyme is unchanged after the reaction.

What is enzyme saturation?

all active sites are occupied and not all substrates are binded

Enzyme regulation

enzymes turned on or off by the cell based on its needs

Enzymes from different organisms may function best at ________________.

different temperatures

Cofactor

Non-protein compound that assist enzymes in their actions (help fit into active site)

competitive inhibition

interferes with active site of enzyme so substrate cannot bind

non-competitive inhibition

Substance that changes shape of enzyme so that it cannot bind to substrate

feedback inhibition

Self regulation in a system as the product of a pathway acts as an inhibitor (prevent buildup of product)