Behav SN3 (13)

Unconditional Stimuli

inate responses, they generate unconditioned responses

Conditioned Stimuli

the subject was “trained” to give a conditioned response, which is an acquisition process. These stimuli are paired with unconditioned responses.

The lost of these responses is termed extinction

ex. dog salivates when a bell is rung bc it’s trained that that signal means food.

Reinforcement

the process of increasing a behavior, whether a good or bad

Positive Reinforcement

increases behavior by adding a reward

ex. giving dogs a treat for a good action

Negative Reinforcement

Increases behavior by removing an annoyance

ex. putting seatbelt on to remove beeping

Escape Learning

Behavior is done in order to remove the unpleasant stimulus (part of negative reinforcement)

Avoidance Learning

The behavior is done bc one knows an annoynce would occur otherwise (part of negative reinforcement)

Reinforcement Schedule

Techniques used in tandem with different reinforcements to achieve the behavior

What is the most effective reinforcement schedule and how does it work?

Variable-ratio schedule: reward is given after an unpredictable amount of tries (gambling)

Variable-interval schedule

reward given after different time intervals

Positive Punishement

Adding an annonce to stop bad behavior

ex. a speeding ticket

Negative Punishment

removing reward to stop behavior

ex. taking phone privilages from a kid

Encoding

process of putting new information into memory

Semantic Encoding

Putting new information into a meaningful context in order to rememeber it (quite strong)

Sensory and Short-term memory

“fills up”, is there for a short time before being forgotten, are transient and are based on neurotransmitter acitivity

Working Memory

requires short-term memory, attention, and executive function to manipulate information … doing math in your head

Lont-term memory

requires elaborative rehearsal and is the result of increased nueronal connectivity

Explicit (declarative) memory

stores facts and stories

Semantic Networks

similar memories are stored next to each other in a “web-like” … think the color red next to roses or fire hydrants

Implicit (nondeclarative) memory

stores skills and conditioning effects

Recognition

Identifying previously learned information once seen again … stronger than recall

Recall

finding the information completely from memory without any “clues” (like remembering a name)

Retrieval

is based on priming interconnected nodes of the semantic network

Interference

when a memory causes an error in the retrieval of another one

Proactive Interference

an old memory causes you to misremember a similar memoryR

Retroactive Interference

new memory causes you to misremember a similar memory

Reproductive Memory

remembering right

Misinformation Effect

an outsiide source influenced your memory, and you now don’t recall it as actually happen

Intrusion Errors

you yourself inserted false information into your memory, corroding it

Source-Monitoring error

a person remembers the details of the event, but not the context under which those details were gained

ex. telling someone’s story as if yours

Mirror Neurons

neurons located in the frontal and parietal lobe both fire for a specific event, causing you to “feel” what someone else is feeling … they fire as if they were in the other person’s head

Dementia

loss of cognitive function

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

a form of memory loss marked by both retrograde and anterograde amnesia

Retrograde Amnesia

the loss of previously formed memoryA

Anterograde Amnesia

the inability to form new memoriesE

Episodic Memory

refers to our recollection of life experiencesS

Semantic Memory

Ideas, concepts, or facts that we know but aren’t tied to life experiences

Context Effect & State-dependent memory

memory is best remembered/retrieved when we are in the same physical and or mental enviroment as we were when we learned it.