HOSA Bowl - Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy

The study of the form and structure of an organism

Physiology

The study of the process of living organisms

Pathophysiology

The study if how disease occurs and the responses of living organisms

Protoplasm

The basic substance of all life

Genes

The structures that carry inherited characteristics

Genome

The total mass of genetic instruction inherited

Centrosome

Contains two centrioles that separate during mitosis

Golgi apparatus

Produces, stores, and packs secretions for the cell

Endoplasmic reticulum

Transports materials in and out if nucleus ad well as aids in synthesis of protein

Pinocytic vesicles

Pocketlike folds in the cell membrane that allow large molecules to enter the cell

Edema

Swelling of tissue

Epithelial tissue

Covers the surface of the body and is the main tissue in the skin

Neuron

Nerve cells

Caudal

Body part located near the sacral region of the spine

Medial

Close to the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Proximal

Close to the point of reference

Distal

Away from the point of distance

Orbital cavity

Eye cavities

Buccal cavity

Mouth cavity

Dermis

Corium

Alopecia

Baldness

Sudoriferous glands

Sweat glands

Macules

Flat spots on skin

Papules

Firm, raised areas like pimples

Vesicles

Blisters or fluid-filled sacs

Pustules

Pus-filled sacs

Crusts

Scabs

Wheals

Itchy, elevated areas

Ulcers

A deep loss of skin

Dermatitis

Inflammation of the skin caused by an irritant

Impetigo

Highly contagious skin infection caused by streptococci or staphylococci organisms

Psoriasis

Chronic, no contagious skin disease with periods of exacerbations and remissions

Verrucae

Warts

Diaphysis

The long shaft of a bone

Epiphysis

Ends of the bone

Medullary canal

Cavity in the diaphysis

Yellow marrow

Storage area for fat cells in the diaphysis

Endosteum

Membrane that lines the medullary canal

Red marrow

Produces red blood cells, platelets, and leukocytes

Periosteum

Tough membrane that covers the outside of a bone

Axial skeleton

Main trunk of the body

Appendicular skeleton

Extremities of the body

Cranium

Spherical structure that surrounds and protects the brain

Fontanels

Soft spots in the skull that allow for enlargement of the brain

Sutures

Area where the cranial bones have joined together

Sinuses

Air spaces in the bones of the skull that act as resonating chambers for the voice

Foramina

Openings in bones that allow nerve and blood vessels to enter or leave the bone

Vertebrae

Spinal column composed of 26 bones

Clavicles

Collarbones

Scapulas

Shoulder bones

Humerus

Upper at.

Radius

Lower arm towards inside of body

Ulna

Larger bone of lower arm on outside

Carpals

Wrist

Metacarpals

Palm of the hands bone

Phalanges

Finger bones

Os coxae

Hip bones

Femur

Thigh bone

Patella

Kneecap

Tibia

Shin bone

Fibula

Small bone of the lower leg

Tarsals

Ankle

Metatarsals

Instep of foot

Calcaneous

Hip bone

Joints

Area where two or more bones join together

Ligaments

Connection tissue bands that hole together bones

Diarthrosis/synovial

Freely movable joints

Amphiarthrosis

Slightly movable joints

Synarthrosis

Immovable joints

Osteoarthritis

Chronic disease causes from aging that affects joints

Rheumatoid arthritis

Chronic inflammatory disease that affects connective tissues and joints

Bursitis

Inflammation of the small, fluid-filled sacs surrounding the joints (bursae)

Greenstick fracture

Bone bends and splits causing an incomplete break

Simple/closed fracture

Complete bone break without damaging skin

Compound/open

Bone breaks and ruptures through the skin

Impacted fracture

Broken bone end jams into each other

Comminuted fracture

Bone fragments or splinters into multiple pieces

Spiral fracture

Bone twists and breaks

Depressed fracture

Broken skull bone moves inward

Colles fracture

Breaking and dislocation of the radius that causes the wrist to bulge outwards

Closed reduction

Positioning in the bones in correct alignment without surgery

Open reduction

Fixing bone position surgically

Dislocation

Bone is forcibly displaced from a joint

Sprain

Twisting tears ligament at joint

Osteomyelitis

Bone inflammation caused by a patheogenic organism

Osteoporosis

Increased porosity or softness of bone

Ruptured disk

Intervertebral disk ruptures or protrudes, putting pressure on spinal nerve

Kyphosis

Rounded bowing of the back at the thoracic area

Scoliosis

Side to side curvature of the back

Lordosis

Abnormal inward curvature of the lumbar (lower back) region

Excitability

Ability of muscle to respond to a stimulus

Contractibility

Ability of muscle to shorten and thicken (contract)

Extensibility

Ability of muscle to be stretched

Elasticity

Ability of muscle to return to original shape after being stretched

Tendons

Tough, fibrous connective-tissue cords that connect bone and muscle

Fascia

Tough, sheetlike membrane that covers and protects tissue

Contracture

Severe tightening of flexor muscle resulting in bending of joint

Fibromyalgia

Chronic, widespread pain in specific muscle sites

Muscular dystrophy

Group of inherited diseases that leads to chronic, progressive muscle atrophy