5 Steps to a 5 ALL Vocab

all the vocab in the glossary of 5 steps to a 5

Columbian Exchange

exchange of crops, animals, diseases, and ideas between Europe and colonies of the Western Hemisphere that developed in the aftermath of the voyages of Columbus.

Astrolabe

An instrument formerly used to make astronomical measurements, typically of the altitudes of celestial bodies, and in navigation for calculating latitude, before the development of the sextant. It consists of a disk with the edge marked in degrees and a pivoted pointer.

Crusades

The Crusades were a series of intermittent Papal sanctioned military campaigns beginning in the late 11th-century through the 13th century.

encomienda system

The encomienda system was created by the Spanish to control and regulate American Indian labor and behavior during the colonization of the Americas. Under the encomienda system, Spanish colonists or soldiers were granted land and natives. The leaders were supposed to Christianize the Indians granted to them, but they commonly enslaved them.

Puritans

Group of religious dissidents who came to the New World so they could have a location to establish a "purer" church than the one that existed in England.

Separatists

Religious group that also opposed the Church of England; this group first went to Holland, and then some went on to the Americas.

Indentured Servants

Individuals who exchanged compulsory service for free passage to the American colonies.

Huguenots

The Huguenots were French Protestants most of whom eventually came to follow the teachings of John Calvin, and who, due to religious persecution, were forced to flee France to other countries in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Jesuits

Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work. The order opposed the Reformation. Despite periodic persecution it has retained an important influence in Catholic thought and education.

Franciscans

a friar, sister, or lay member of a Christian religious order founded in 1209 by St. Francis of Assisi, or of an order based on Franciscan rule. The Franciscan orders are noted for preachers and missionaries.

Church of England

The established church in England, Catholic in faith and order, but incorporating many principles of the Protestant Reformation and independent of the papacy.

London Company

The London Company (also called the Charter of the Virginia Company of London) was an English joint stock company established in 1606 by royal charter by King James I with the purpose of establishing colonial settlements in North America.

Powhatan Confederacy

The Powhatan Confederacy was a group of Native American tribes during the 17th century that settled in Virginia. They cultivated corn, fished, and hunted. The English soon seized the best lands, and Powhatan quickly retaliated. To appease him, he was given a crown, and a coronation ceremony was formally performed by Christopher Newport in 1609. Peace with Powhatan was secured when his daughter Pocahontas married (1614) John Rolfe.

Mercantilism

Economic system practiced by European powers in the late seventeenth century stating that economic self-sufficiency was crucial; as a result, colonial empires were important for raw materials.

Navigation Acts (1660)

Acts passed by British Parliaments increasing the dependence of the colonies on the English for trade; these acts caused great resentment in the American colonies but were not strictly enforced

Triangular Trade System

Trading system that developed between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; Europeans purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to the colonies, raw materials from the colonies went to Europe, while European finished products were sold back to the colonies and slaves.

Middle Passage

the stretch of the triangular trade system between Africa and the Americas. The voyage was taken by slaves and was often very dangerous and caused many Africans to die during travel.

Stono Rebellion

The Stono Rebellion was a slave rebellion that began on 9 September 1739, in the colony of South Carolina. It was the largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies, with 42-47 whites and 44 blacks killed.

Glorious Revolution

The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William of Orange.

Salem Witch Trials (1692)

Trials in Salem, Massachusetts, after which 19 people were executed as witches.

Salutary Neglect

British policy relaxing the strict enforcement of trade policies in the American colonies.

Dominion of New England

An administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America. Its political structure represented centralized control like the Spanish monarchy. The dominion was unacceptable to most colonists, because they deeply resented being stripped of their traditional rights. Under Governor Sir Edmund Andros, the Dominion tried to make legal and structural changes, but most of these were undone, and the Dominion was overthrown as soon as word was received that King James had left the throne in England.

colonial assemblies

The first official forms of popular representation founded in the American colonies prior to the Revolutionary War.

molasses act

tightened british control over colonial trade of molasses with the French west Indies instead of the Caribbean British colonies.

First Great Awakening

A revitalization of religious piety that swept through the American colonies between the 1730s and the 1770s.

Chapter 6, 7, 8 combined summary

The expansion of Europe into the Americas beginning with Columbus and his controversial actions. The Europeans quickly founded colonies in the americas after quickly realizing the wealth that they held. There was also a disregard for the well being of the Native americans occupying the land. the initial colonization was by the Spanish in the South but was followed by the French in today's Canada. The British then began with Jamestown colony and the Massachusetts bay colony. The driving workforce for these colonies was indentured servants and Slaves brought over from Africa. Many of the members of the colonies were escaping from Britain for religious freedom like the puritans. The arrival of the colonies introduced the natives to new diseases that were very deadly to the native americans.

Once the colonies were established Britain began employing mercantilist policies in an attempt to generate wealth for the kingdom. Triangular trade between England, Africa and the Colonies was fueled by the extensive natural resources possessed by the colonies and the need for slaves to cultivate and retrieve the resources. The conflicts between France and England were also fought between the colonies of each country. This conflict led many of the colonies to form relations with waring tribes to help defeat the rival country and tribes.

French and Indian War (1756-1763)

Also known as the Seven Years' War, a conflict between the British and the French that also involved Native Americans and colonial militias. French lost much of their influence in the americas after their defeat.

Stamp Act (1765)

Imposed by the British, this act dictated that all legal documents in the colonies had to be issued on officially stamped paper. This act created strong resentment in the colonies and was later repealed.

Townshend Act (1767)

British legislation that forced colonies to pay duties on most goods coming from England; these duties were fiercely resisted and finally repealed in 1770.

Boston Massacre (1770)

Conflict between British soldiers and Boston civilians on March 5, 1770; five colonists were killed and six wounded.

Sons of Liberty

Radical group that organized resistance against British policies in Boston in the 1760s and 1770s. This was the group that organized the Boston Tea Party.

Committees of Correspondence

Created first in Massachusetts and then in other colonies, these groups circulated grievances against the British to towns within their colonies.

Boston Tea Party (1773)

In response to British taxes on tea, Boston radicals disguised as Native Americans threw 350 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor on December 16, 1773; important symbolic act of resistance to British economic control of the colonies.

First Continental Congress (1774)

Meeting in Philadelphia at which colonists vowed to resist further efforts to tax them without their consent.

Albany Congress

1754, meeting in Albany at which the colonies attempted to coordinate their policies concerning further westward settlement and concerning native americans.

Currency Act

Made it illegal to print money in the colonies. Because of the lack of hard currency in the colonies, the bill had a significant impact on the colonies

Sugar Act

increased the penalty for colonial smuggling and ensured that colonists would pay the British a duty for all molasses brought into the colonies.

Quartering Act

British mandate that colonial governments provide food and accommodations for for British troops stationed in the colonies.

Stamp Act Congress

1765, nine colonies' representatives reaffirmed the principle that taxation of the colonies be imposed only from within the colonies.

Declaratory Act

Act by parliament that stated that parliament thad the right to tax and pass legislation regarding the colonies "in all cases whatsoever."

Chancellor of the Exchenquer

The finance minister of the United Kingdom, responsible for preparing the nation's annual budgets.

Circular Letter

Circular letter is a written document that is addressed for circulation to a group of people. It is usually formal and official. It may be for a closed group or general distribution. It may be an effective substitute for a personal visit.

Tea Act

unpopular policy and tax imposed by Britain on her American colonies. The policy ignited a "powder keg" of opposition and resentment among American colonists and was the catalyst of the Boston Tea Party.

Intolerable Acts

A series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea party. They were meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

The Declaration of Rights and Grievances was a document written by the Stamp Act Congress and passed on October 19, 1765. It declared that taxes imposed on British colonists without their formal consent were unconstitutional.

Suffolk Resolves

act that stated that colonies would continue to boycott English imports and approve the efforts of Massachusetts to operate a colonial government free from British control until the intolerable acts were rescinded

Second Continental Congress (May 1775)

Meeting that authorized the creation of a Continental army; many delegates still hoped that conflict could be avoided with the British.

Common Sense (1776)

Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine attacking the system of government by monarchy; this document were very influential throughout the colonies.

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

Defeat of the British in Virginia, ending their hopes of winning the Revolutionary War.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Treaty ending the Revolutionary War; by this treaty Great Britain recognized American Independence and give Americans the territory between the Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River.

Articles of Confederation (ratified 1781)

Document establishing the first government of the United States; the federal government was given limited power and the states much power.

Northwest ordinances(1784, 1785, 1787)

bills authorizing the sale of lands in the northwest territory to raise money for the federal government; bills also laid out procedures for these territories to eventually attain statehood.

Lexington and Concord

First Revolutionary Battle at Lexington and Concord. In April 1775, when British troops were sent to confiscate colonial weapons, they ran into a militia. This "army" defeats 700 British soldiers, killing 275 Brits for 92 militia men.

Enlightenment

a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers

Bunker Hill

Battle at bunker hill in which the British won but sustained heavy losses of up to 1000 British Men either killed or wounded.

Hessian

German troops hired by the British when the colonies were confirmed to be in rebellion on August 1775, angered colonists.

Valley Forge

The location that washington's army spent the 1777-1778 winter.

Bicameral legislatures

particular body of government that consists of two legislative houses or chambers. In certain variations, a bicameral system may include two parliamentary chambers.

Unicameral legislature

a legislature which consists of one chamber or house.

Continentals

Beginning in 1775, the Continental Congress issued currency to finance the Revolutionary War. These notes, called Continentals, had no backing in gold or silver. Continentals were backed by the "anticipation" of tax revenues.

Northwest Ordinances

regulated the sale of lands in the northwest territory and established a plan to give these settled territories statehood.

Virginia Plan

during debate over the Constitution, the plan proposing a bicameral legislature with representatives determined by proportional representation.

New Jersey Plan

During debate over the constitution, the plan proposing one legislative body for the country, with each state having one vote.

Great Compromise

Connecticut plan that stated that one house of the Congress would be based on population while in the other house all states would have equal representation.

Electoral College

Procedure for electing the president and vice-president of the United States as outlined in the Constitution electors from each state, and not the popular vote, ultimately elect the president.

Three-Fifths Compromise

As the constitution was being created, the plan that stated that slaves would be counted as three-fifths of a free person; this was used to determine eventual membership in the House of Representatives.

Federalists

Party in the first years of the republic that favored a larger national government; was supported by commercial interests. Federalists were opposed by Jeffersonians, who wanted a smaller national government.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Proposed by President John Adams, gave the president power to expel "dangerous" aliens and outlawed "scandalous" publications against the government.

Proportional representation

number of representatives based on the population of the represented state.

Ratifying conventions

meetings held in each state to decide whether the new constitution should be ratified.

Anti-federalists

opponents to the new constitution and a stronger central government. Equated the potential tyranny of the new government to that of Britain's on the colony.

Bill of Rights

10 amendments to the constitution in 1791 that contained the basic protections that americans hold dear today. It politically quoted the anti-federalists.

mercantilist policies

Policies proposed by Alexander Hamilton to turn America into a manufacturing society like Great Britain. He also suggested an economic Union with great Britain for economic growth.

Laissez-faire economic principles

an economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government interference such as regulations, privileges, tariffs, and subsidies.

National Bank

proposed bank by Hamilton to provide loans to developing industries.

Declaration of Neutrality

Washington's declaration that he did not oppose or support revolutionary France which allowed U.S. merchants to trade with both sides of the european conflict.

Whiskey Rebellion

rebellion of pennsylvania farmers opposing a tax that Alexander Hamilton had put in place on distilled alcohol.

Jay's Treaty

withdrawal of British Army units from pre-Revolutionary forts that it had failed to relinquish in the Northwest Territory of the United States. The parties agreed that disputes over wartime debts and the American-Canadian boundary were to be sent to arbitration. The Americans were granted limited rights to trade with British possessions in India and colonies in the Caribbean in exchange for some limits on the American export of cotton.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolves

proclamation that the states had the right not to enforce laws that were unconstitutional, such as the sedition act.

Chapter 9, 10, 11 combined summary

The tension build up between the French and the British culminated in the French and Indian War. The French were defeated by the British but a very high cost to the British. The financial slump that Britain was in required it to enact the stamp and tea act. This angered the colonists and caused riots and protests such as the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party. In revolt of the British the Continental Congress met in May 1775 to prepare the colonies for war with Britain. George Washington was appointed as general of the Army and with the help of the French was able to defeat the British. Once freedom was attained from Britain the Articles of Confederation were written as a basis of the new government. The articles ended up providing a poor platform from which to run a government so they were discarded in favor of the constitution. The new nation under the guidance of George Washington was at a turning point in history. The newly founded states could charge ahead into industrialism or stay a Jeffersonian nation.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Critical Supreme Court decision that established the principle of judicial review, stating that the Supreme Court has the right to review all federal laws and decisions and declare whether or not they're constitutional.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Massive land purchase from Emperor Napoleon of France that virtually doubled the size of the United States.

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804)

Expedition that discovered much about the western part of the North American continent and the economic possibilities.

War of 1812

War between the British and the Americans over British seizure of American ships, connections between the British and Native American tribes, and other tensions. The British sacked Washington, DC, in 1814. The treaty ending the war merely restored diplomatic relations between the two countries.

American System

Plan proposed by Senator Henry Clay and others to make America economically independent by increasing industrial production in the United States and by the creation of a Second National Bank.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Political solution devised to keep the number of slave states and free states equal; Missouri entered the Union as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state. Potential states in the northern part of Louisiana territory would also come in as free states in the future.

Twelfth Amendment

stated that the electoral college could vote for the president and vice president separately.

Judiciary Act

act that created many new federal courts that were quickly filled with Federalists in the last few days of Adams office before Jefferson tool over. These were called "midnight appointments."

Judicial review

made the judiciary branch an equal branch in every way with the executive and legislative branches.

Essex Junto

A group of federalists in Boston that loudly campaigned against the "decline in public virtue they saw personified in Boston.

Impressment

forcing deserted British sailors but also American citizens into the British Navy

Embargo of 1807

Declared that American ships could not enter the seas until England and France stopped their harassment of american shipping.

Non-Intercourse Act

opened trade with all countries except England and France.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the war of 1812 and completely restored British-American relations.

Hartford Convention

group of federalists. saw the war of 1812 as disastrous to their interests and viewed with extreme suspicion the growing influence of politicians and military leaders from the west.

Nullification

a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional.

secession

the withdrawal of a state from the union.

The Era of Good Feelings

A more united U.S. after the war of 1812 caused by the decline of federalist political influence

Second National Bank

important to the economic growth, so that credit would be readily available.