dna

What is the heritable genetic information found in an organism?

Heritable genetic information is found in DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid).

Which direction is DNA replicated from the point of origin?

DNA is replicated bidirectionally from the origin of replication.the point of origin.

What direction are nucleotides added to the growing chain of DNA?

Nucleotides are added in the 5' to 3' direction.

What are the nitrogen bases found in DNA and RNA?

1. Nitrogen bases:DNA: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G).

   RNA: Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G).

How many nucleotides make up a codon?

A codon is made up of three nucleotides.It is the basic unit of genetic code in mRNA that specifies an amino acid.

What are the enzymes called that make bonds between the nucleotides?

DNA ligase is the enzyme that forms bonds between nucleotides. DNA polymerase is the enzyme that adds nucleotides to form the new strand.These enzymes are essential for DNA replication and repair.

What is the difference in a codon and an anticodon – why are they said to be complementary?

A codon is a triplet of bases in mRNA
coding for an amino acid, while an anticodon
is a complementary triplet in tRNA
. This pairing ensures accurate translation during protein synthesis.

What is the key enzyme involved in transcription?

The key enzyme in transcription is RNA polymerase. It synthesizes RNA from a DNA template.

What is the function of the mRNA

The mRNA (messenger RNA) carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

What is the function of the rRNA

The rRNA (ribosomal RNA) helps form the structure of ribosomes and catalyzes peptide bond formation. translating Mrna into proteins

What is the function of the tRNA

The tRNA (transfer RNA) transports amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message.

How does DNA control protein synthesis?

DNA controls protein synthesis by transcribing into mRNA, which is then translated into a protein.

Define a nucleic acid.  Define a nucleotide.

A nucleic acid (like DNA or RNA) is a macromolecule made of nucleotides.
A nucleotide consists of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

What type of macromolecule would an enzyme be classified as?

Enzymes are classified as proteins, a type of macromolecule.

What is the template of the mRNA molecule?

The template for mRNA is the DNA strand (specifically the template strand).

What is the function of a ribosome?

The ribosome reads mRNA and assembles amino acids into a polypeptide chain.

What is the monomer of a protein?

The monomer of a protein is an amino acid.

What is an enzymes function?

An enzyme speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

What is a nucleic acid?

A nucleic acid is a biomolecule that stores and transmits genetic information (like DNA and RNA).

What are 3 unique characteristics of RNA?

Three unique characteristics of RNA:Single-stranded.Contains uracil (U) instead of thymine.Has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose.

What nitrogenous bases pair with each other in DNA and RNA?

Nitrogenous base pairing:DNA: A-T, C-G.RNA: A-U, C-G.

Describe the shape of the DNA molecule.

DNA has a double helix shape.

Where can DNA be found in the cell?

DNA can be found in the cell nucleus, and in small amounts in mitochondria (in eukaryotic cells). In prokaryotic cells, DNA is located in the nucleotide region.

When does gene expression begin?

Gene expression begins with transcription.

List the sequence for a gene to be transcribed from DNA to a RNA molecule.

Transcription sequence: DNA → mRNA → processing (splicing, capping).

What enzyme initiates the first stage of transcription?

RNA polymerase initiates the first stage of transcription.

What is the difference in an intron and an exon?

Introns are non-coding regions, while exons are coding regions that are expressed.

What does an intron code?

Introns do not code for proteins but may have regulatory roles.

Where does transcription take place?

Transcription occurs in the nucleus.

 Where does translation take place?

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, specifically on the ribosome.

What happens if a mutation occurs in a segment of DNA?

A mutation in DNA can lead to changes in the amino acid sequence, potentially altering protein function.

What substance attaches to a particular amino-acid molecule and positions it on a ribosome?

tRNA attaches to amino acids and positions them on the ribosome.

What happens in the process of translation?

In translation, the ribosome reads mRNA codons and assembles amino acids into a protein.

What are the products of transcription and translation?

Products:Transcription → mRNA.Translation → polypeptide/protein

What do genes contain instruction to assemble?

Genes contain instructions to assemble proteins.

What happens in DNA replication

In DNA replication, the DNA molecule unwinds, and each strand serves as a template for a new strand.

Why is it possible for an amino acid to be specified by more than one codon?

An amino acid can be specified by more than one codon due to the redundancy of the genetic code. This means that multiple codons can correspond to the same amino acid, allowing for some flexibility and robustness in protein synthesis.

What type of RNA functions as the blueprint for protein synthesis?

The type of RNA that serves as the blueprint for protein synthesis is mRNA.

What are the purines and the pyrimidines in DNA and RNA

Purines: Adenine (A) and Guanine (G).Pyrimidines: Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) in DNA, and Uracil (U) in RNA.

What does a stop codon code for

A stop codon signals the end of translation but does not code for an amino acid.

What portion of a tRNA molecule determines the type of amino acid that bonds with tRNA?

The anticodon region of tRNA determines which amino acid it carries.

What type of bond is formed between amino acids?

A peptide bond forms between amino acids.

Be able to transcribe and translate a DNA segment into mRNA, tRNA and amino acids.

To transcribe and translate a DNA segment:DNA to mRNA (replace T with U).mRNA to tRNA (complementary bases).Use a codon chart to find corresponding amino acid