Key Terms from 19th Century Political and Social Movements

A set of flashcards covering important terms related to 19th-century political and social movements.

Great Exhibition of 1851

A world's fair held in London showcasing industrial achievements.

Water frame

A spinning frame that used water power to produce cotton yarn.

Zollverein

A coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies.

Separate spheres

A 19th-century idea that emphasized distinct roles for men and women.

Factory Act of 1833

Legislation that aimed to improve conditions for children working in factories.

Mines Act of 1842

A law prohibiting women and children from working underground in mines.

Proletariat

The working class who sell their labor for wages.

Bourgeoisie

The middle class, typically owning the means of production.

Chartism

A working-class movement in Britain that aimed for political reforms.

Luddites

Workers who destroyed machinery to protest industrialization.

Class-consciousness

Awareness of one's social class and its implications.

Edmund Burke

An Irish statesman and philosopher, known for his conservative views.

Congress of Vienna

A conference of European ambassadors to settle issues following the Napoleonic Wars.

Klemens von Metternich

A key diplomat during the Congress of Vienna, advocating for conservatism.

Concert of Europe

A system designed to maintain the balance of power in Europe post-Napoleon.

Karlsbad Decrees

A series of restrictive laws in the German states to suppress liberalism.

John Stuart Mill

A philosopher and political economist known for his liberal ideas.

Robert Owen

A social reformer and founder of cooperative communities.

Karl Marx

A philosopher and economist who co-authored 'The Communist Manifesto'.

Friedrich Engels

Co-author with Marx of 'The Communist Manifesto' and supporter of socialism.

Mikhail Bakunin

A Russian revolutionary and founder of anarchist theory.

Giuseppe Mazzini

An Italian nationalist who advocated for a unified Italy.

Marxist

An adherent of the political and economic theories of Karl Marx.

Liberals

Individuals advocating for political reform and individual freedoms.

Conservatives

Individuals advocating for preserving traditional institutions.

Nationalist

A person who advocates for the rights and interests of a nation.

Socialist

An advocate for social ownership and workers' rights.