Unit 2 Earth Processes Review
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193 Terms
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What are the Earth's layers
crust, mantle, core
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a hot sphere of dense elements (iron + nickel)
core
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What does the core contain?
inner core and outer core
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solid inner sphere
inner core
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liquid outer layer that covers the inner core
outer core
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a layer of hot, semisolid rock capable of very slow movement over geological timescales, that surrounds the core
mantle
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earth's thickest layer
mantle
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why is the uppermost portion of the mantle highly viscous?
high temperature
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outermost layer, layer we are most familiar with, and made of solid rocks
crust
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the thinnest crust is the _____
oceanic crust
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what is the oceanic crust made of?
primarily basaltic rocks filled with iron + magnesium
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the thickest crust is the _____
continental crust
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what is the continental crust made of?
granite and similar rocks
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Which crust is denser? Oceanic crust or Continental crust?
oceanic crust
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Who made the theory of plate tectonics?Alfred Wegener
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Who is Alfred Wegener?
german scientist
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The Theory of the Continental Drift says ___
continents were together as a single landmass known as pangea
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What is a pangea?
continents in a single landmass
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What happened to the pangea?
it began to move apart
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What did Wegener realize about the continents?
they looked like puzzle pieces
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What was the evidence for plate tectonics?
fit of coastlines, fossils distribution, and geological matches
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Where did Wegener find a fit of coastlines?
south america and africa
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Describe the fossil distribution
fossilized plants and animals were found on the coast of different continents separated by oceans
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What were the geological matches?
Appalachian mountains and the mountains in West Highlands of Scotland
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What 2 geological matches of coastlines did Wegener make?
south america, africa, north america, and europe
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True or False: Wegener received great support for his theory
False
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Why did other scientists not accept Wegener's theory?
it did not suggest a logical mechanism
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Who were the 'Drifters'?
scientist who supported the theory
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Who were the 'Fixists'?
scientists who opposed the theory
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How did they revise the theory?
they included a logical mechanism and suggest the lithosphere has sections (tectonic plates)
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How do we use SONAR?
the data is used to create a clear and predictable map of where the tectonic plates were separated
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How did more evidence of seafloor spreading help scientists?
evidence enabled them to study magnetism on the ocean floor using magnetism
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What did scientists discover using magnetometers?
the ocean's floor magnetic field is laid out in alternating stripes of normal polarity and reversed polarity
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What type of rock is a Basaltic rock?
igneous rock
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What is an igneous rock?
a rock that forms from the cooling and hardening of magma
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What does an igneous rock contain?
naturally magnetic iron called magnetite
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What happens once magma reaches the Earth's surface?
the particles align with the magnetic field
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What happens after the magnetite's particles align with the magnetic field?
magma hardens and locks particle in place, holding information about the Earth's magnetic field
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True or False: The Earth's magnetic field does not reverse on average every 250,000 years, magnetic north -> magnetic south
false
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Tectonic plates can only move if _____
the mantle is moving
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What causes the mantle to move?
convection currents
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How do convection currents happen?
molten rock of the mantle moves
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True or False: Plates float and move slowly in relation to each other.
True
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What are the 3 types of plate boundaries create when plates float and move slowly in relation to each other?
convergent, divergent, transform
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Using arrows, explain how convergent boundaries move.
->
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Using arrows, explain how divergent boundaries move.
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How do transform boundaries move?
slide past each other (antiparallel)
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Where do volcanoes form?
wherever there is an opening in the crust
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True or False: Most volcanic activity is submarine
True
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How do volcanoes help seafloor and mid-ocean ridges?
it forms new seafloor and gives rise to mid-ocean ridges
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What are earthquakes?
a sudden release of energy in the crust, seismic waves
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What boundary causes earthquakes?
convergent boundaries
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How do earthquakes occur?
2 plates cannot slip past each other and may lock together, creating tension
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Released tension = _______
earthquake
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What are tsunamis?
a long wavelength produced by the sudden movement of a lot of water
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What boundary do tsunamis have?
convergent boundaries
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Deep water = ____
fast wave
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How does the coast affect Tsunamis?
the coast makes the tsunami a slow destructive wave
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What are mid-ocean ridges?
underwater mountain ranges
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How are mid-ocean ridges formed?
formed by the upward movement and spread out of magma
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Where do hydrothermal vents occur?
in the deep ocean near mid-ocean ridges
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How are hydrothermal vents formed?
seawater seeps into the cracks of the ocean floor and is released by the magma
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When and where were hydrothermal vents discovered?
discovered in 1977, Galapagos Rift
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What are abyssal plains?
flat areas of ocean floor
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Where are abyssal plains?
in between ocean trenches and continental rises
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How are abyssal plains formed?
formed by the upward movement of molten material
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Weathering
the breaking down or wearing down of rocks through physical, chemical, organic means
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Erosion
a natural process where materials is worn away from the Earth's surface and transported
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Sedimentation
the deposition of suspended particles from water
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Delta
a low-lying triangular area at the mouth of a river formed by the deposition of sediments
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Turbidity
the level of transparency loss water has due to the presence of suspended particles in the water; the higher the turbidity, the harder it is to see through the water
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What is weathering?
the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces over time
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How is weathering different from erosion?
weathering occurs in the same place and has little movement of the particles
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What is erosion?
the movement and transportation of rocks and minerals by natural agents to new locations
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When does sedimentation occur?
sedimentation happens when those new materials reach their new location and are left there to accumulate
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How many types of weathering are there?
3
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What are the types of weathering?
physical, chemical, organic/biological
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When does chemical weathering occur?
when the chemical composition of rocks changes through exposure to water or oxygen
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Where do we see chemical weathering?
in nature when new rocks are exposed to precipitation through uplift
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What happens to rocks went it rain?
water moves over the rocks dissolving ions as it moves, particularly Calcium (Ca2+), and transports them into the ocean as run-off.
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What is physical weathering?
the breaking down of rocks without changing the rocks chemical composition
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One method of physical weathering is _______________
temperature change
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How does temperature affect physical weathering
constant heating and cooling of rocks/sudden temperature change can weaken a rock's structure.
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What does constant heating and cooling of rocks/sudden temperature change in a rock do?
it makes it more likely for the rock to break and cause cracks in the exterior structure
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What can the freezing of water in a rock do?
expand the rocks cracks
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How can ocean waves change coastlines?
the waves can change coastlines by the waves constantly crashing/slamming into the coastline changing its shape
87
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How does chemical weathering contribute to changing the shape of a shoreline?
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What is weathering?
the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces over time
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How is weathering different from erosion?
weathering occurs in the same place and has little movement of the particles
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What is erosion?
the movement and transportation of rocks and minerals by natural agents to new locations
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When does sedimentation occur?
sedimentation happens when those new materials reach their new location and are left there to accumulate
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How many types of weathering are there?
3
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What are the types of weathering?
physical, chemical, organic/biological
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When does chemical weathering occur?
when the chemical composition of rocks changes through exposure to water or oxygen
95
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Where do we see chemical weathering?
in nature when new rocks are exposed to precipitation through uplift
96
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What happens to rocks went it rain?
water moves over the rocks dissolving ions as it moves, particularly Calcium (Ca2+), and transports them into the ocean as run-off.
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What is physical weathering?
the breaking down of rocks without changing the rocks chemical composition
98
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One method of physical weathering is _______________
temperature change
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How does temperature affect physical weathering
constant heating and cooling of rocks/sudden temperature change can weaken a rock's structure.
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What does constant heating and cooling of rocks/sudden temperature change in a rock do?
it makes it more likely for the rock to break and cause cracks in the exterior structure
Note 
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