Bio101 Full Lab Practical

Vocabulary flashcards based on Bio101 lab practical notes that cover safety rules, experimental design, biological tests, and genetics.

Lab Safety Procedures

Why must long hair be tied back in the lab? To prevent contamination and avoid contact with flames, chemicals, or equipment.

Lab Coat Requirement

What must you wear in the lab but remove when leaving to the hallway? A lab coat.

Footwear Policy

Are open-toed shoes allowed in the lab? No, they are not allowed.

Food and Drink Policy

Are food or drinks allowed in the lab? No, not even closed drinks.

Drink Storage

Where must drinks be placed during lab time? Outside the lab in the drink parking lot.

Cell Phone Usage

Are cell phones allowed during lab practicals? No, unless the professor specifically allows them.

Backpack Storage

Where must backpacks and bags be kept? Under the lab desk, not in aisles.

Reporting Injuries

Who must you report injuries or sickness to? The lab instructor.

Cleaning Protocol

When do you clean your lab bench? Before and after use.

Biological Waste Disposal

Where does biological waste go? In the designated biological waste container.

Glass Disposal

Where does broken glass go? In the special broken-glass container, not regular trash.

Hypothesis Definition

Define hypothesis. A testable and falsifiable statement.

Independent Variable Definition

Define independent variable. The variable the experimenter changes.

Dependent Variable Definition

Define dependent variable. The variable being measured.

Dependent Variable Axis

Which axis does the dependent variable belong on? The Y-axis.

Independent Variable Axis

Which axis does the independent variable belong on? The X-axis.

Control Group Definition

What is a control group? A group not exposed to the independent variable, used for comparison.

Dependent Variable in Heart-Rate Experiment

Heart-rate experiment: dependent variable? Heart rate.

Independent Variable in Heart-Rate Experiment

Heart-rate experiment: independent variable? Time after exercise.

Control Variables in Heart-Rate Experiment

Name control variables in heart rate experiment. Age group, 5-minute exercise, 72°F room, same time of day, after breakfast.

Benedict's Reagent Test

What does Benedict's reagent test for? Simple sugars.

Iodine Test

What does iodine test for? Starch.

Biuret Reagent Test

What does Biuret reagent test for? Protein.

Brown Paper Test

What does brown paper test for? Lipids.

Protein Monomer

Protein monomer? Amino acids.

Nucleic Acid Monomer

Nucleic acid monomer? Nucleotides.

DNA Base Pairs

DNA base pairs? A, G, T, C.

Carbohydrate Monomers

Carbohydrate monomers? Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose.

Lipids Monomers

Do lipids have monomers? No; triglycerides consist of glycerol + 3 fatty acids.

Ocular Lens Magnification

What is the magnification of the ocular lens? 10x.

Total Magnification Calculation

How do you calculate total magnification? Ocular magnification × objective magnification.

Total Magnification at 4x Objective

Total magnification at 4x objective? 40x.

Total Magnification at 10x Objective

Total magnification at 10x objective? 100x.

Microscope Storage Steps

Steps to put the microscope away? Remove slide, lower stage, switch to 4x, turn off light, wrap cord, store facing forward.

Coccus Bacteria Shape

Shape of coccus bacteria? Round.

Bacillus Bacteria Shape

Shape of bacillus bacteria? Rod-shaped.

Spirillum Bacteria Shape

Shape of spirillum bacteria? Spiral or coiled.

Diffusion Definition

Define diffusion. Passive movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration.

Osmosis Definition

Define osmosis. Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Dialysis Tube Expansion Reason

Dialysis tube: why does tubing expand after 30 minutes? Water enters via osmosis since solute concentration is higher inside.

Animal Cell in Isotonic Solution

Animal cell in isotonic solution? No net movement; cell stays the same.

Animal Cell in Hypotonic Solution

Animal cell in hypotonic solution? Water enters; cell swells and bursts.

Animal Cell in Hypertonic Solution

Animal cell in hypertonic solution? Water leaves; cell shrivels.

Catalase Function

What does catalase do to hydrogen peroxide? Breaks it down into water and oxygen.

Sand and Hydrogen Peroxide Reaction

Will sand produce bubbles with hydrogen peroxide? No, because sand does not contain enzymes.

Enzyme Definition

Define enzyme. A protein catalyst that speeds up biochemical reactions.

Substrate Binding Site on Enzyme

Where does a substrate bind on an enzyme? The active site.

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

What factors affect enzyme activity? pH, temperature, enzyme concentration.

Enzymes and Activation Energy

What do enzymes do to activation energy? They lower activation energy.

CO2-Saturated Indicator Color Change

What color does CO2-saturated indicator turn? Yellow (more acidic).

Indicator Color with Photosynthesis CO2 Removal

What color does the indicator turn when photosynthesis removes CO2? Blue (more basic).

Photosynthesis in Tube 1 (Green Film)

Why does Tube 1 (green film) not turn blue? Green light is not absorbed by chloroplasts; no photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis in Tube 2

Why does Tube 2 turn blue? Photosynthesis occurs under full-spectrum light.

Photosynthesis in Tube 3 (No Plant)

Does Tube 3 (no plant) turn blue? No; no photosynthesis.

Wavelength Absorption by Plant Pigments

Which wavelengths are absorbed best by plant pigments? Blue-violet and orange-red.

Least Absorbed Wavelengths by Plants

Which wavelengths are least absorbed by plants? Green.

Photosynthesis Equation

Photosynthesis equation? CO₂ + H₂O + light → glucose + oxygen.

Diploid Definition

What is diploid? 2n; full set of chromosomes.

Haploid Definition

What is haploid? n; half the genetic material (gametes).

Mitosis Result

Mitosis produces how many cells and of what type? Two identical diploid cells.

Meiosis Result

Meiosis produces how many cells and of what type? Four non-identical haploid cells.

Phases of Mitosis

List the four phases of mitosis. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

Restriction Enzymes Function

What do restriction enzymes do? Cut DNA at specific sequences.

DNA Movement in Gel

Why does DNA move through a gel? It is negatively charged and moves toward the positive end.

Gel Electrophoresis Speed

Which DNA fragments move faster in gel electrophoresis? Smaller fragments.

DNA Fingerprint from Same Individual

If DNA samples are from the same individual, what will the fingerprint look like? Same banding pattern.

Evolution Definition

Define evolution. Change in allele frequency over generations.

Out-of-Africa Hypothesis

Out-of-Africa hypothesis? Humans evolved in Africa and migrated outward.

Human-Chimp Common Ancestor Timeline

Human-chimp common ancestor lived how long ago? Over 7 million years ago.

Skull Differences from Australopithecus to Humans

Major skull differences from Australopithecus to modern humans? Increased cranial capacity, reduced brow ridge.

Evidence for Evolution

Five lines of evidence for evolution? Fossil record, comparative anatomy, molecular biology, biogeography, direct observation.

Allele Definition

Define allele. A variant form of a gene.

Dominant Allele Definition

Define dominant allele. Masks recessive allele when present.

Recessive Allele Definition

Define recessive allele. Expressed only when two recessive alleles are present.

Genotype Definition

Define genotype. Genetic makeup of an organism.

Phenotype Definition

Define phenotype. Observable traits.

Heterozygous Definition

Define heterozygous. Two different alleles (Yy).

Homozygous Definition

Define homozygous. Two identical alleles (YY or yy).

Codominance Definition

Define codominance. Both alleles are expressed (e.g., AB blood type).

Punnett Square Ratio for Cystic Fibrosis

Punnett square for Ff × Ff: phenotypic ratio for cystic fibrosis? 75% healthy, 25% affected.