Bio101 Full Lab Practical

Long Hair: Must be tied back to prevent contamination and avoid contact with flames, chemicals, or equipment.
Lab Coat: Required in the lab but must be removed when exiting to the hallway.
Footwear: Open-toed shoes are not allowed in the lab.
Food and Drinks: Not allowed in the lab, even closed drinks.
Drink Placement: Drinks must be placed outside the lab in the designated drink parking lot.
Cell Phones: Not permitted during lab practicals unless specifically allowed by the professor.
Backpacks and Bags: Must be kept under the lab desk and not in aisles.
Reporting Injuries or Sickness: Report to the lab instructor.
Cleaning Lab Bench: Must clean before and after use.
Biological Waste Disposal: Should go in the designated biological waste container.
Broken Glass Disposal: Must go into a special broken-glass container, not regular trash.

Hypothesis: A testable and falsifiable statement.
Independent Variable: The variable that the experimenter changes.
Dependent Variable: The variable being measured, typically on the Y-axis.
Control Group: A group not exposed to the independent variable, used for comparison.

Dependent Variable: Heart rate.
Independent Variable: Time after exercise.
Control Variables: Age group, 5-minute exercise duration, room temperature of 72°F, same time of day, and after having breakfast.

Protein Monomer: Amino acids.
Nucleic Acid Monomer: Nucleotides.
DNA Base Pairs: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C).
Carbohydrate Monomers: Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose.
Lipids: Do not have monomers; triglycerides consist of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

Magnification of the Ocular Lens: 10x.
Calculating Total Magnification: Ocular magnification × objective magnification.
- Total Magnification Examples:
  - At 4x objective: 40x
  - At 10x objective: 100x
Steps to Put Microscope Away:
- Remove slide.
- Lower the stage.
- Switch to 4x objective.
- Turn off light.
- Wrap cord.
- Store facing forward.

Diffusion: Passive movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration.
Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Dialysis Tubes: Expanding after 30 minutes due to water entering via osmosis when solute concentration is higher inside the tubing.

Animal Cell in Isotonic Solution: No net movement; cell remains the same.
Animal Cell in Hypotonic Solution: Water enters, causing the cell to swell and possibly burst.
Animal Cell in Hypertonic Solution: Water leaves, causing the cell to shrivel.

Catalase: Breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
Sand with Hydrogen Peroxide: No bubbles produced because sand does not contain enzymes.
Enzyme Definition: A protein catalyst that speeds up biochemical reactions.
Substrate Binding: Binds at the active site on the enzyme.
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity:
- pH
- Temperature
- Enzyme concentration.
Effect of Enzymes on Activation Energy: Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions.

CO2-Saturated Indicator Color: Turns yellow (more acidic).
Indicator Turns Blue: When photosynthesis removes CO2, indicating a more basic environment.
Tube 1 (Green Film) Explanation: Does not turn blue because green light is not absorbed by chloroplasts; hence, no photosynthesis.
Tube 2 Color Change: Turns blue as photosynthesis occurs under full-spectrum light.
Tube 3 (No Plant): Does not turn blue; no photosynthesis occurs.
Best Absorbed Wavelengths: Blue-violet and orange-red by plant pigments.
Least Absorbed Wavelengths: Green.

Equation: ext{CO}2 + ext{H}2 ext{O} + ext{light}
ightarrow ext{glucose} + ext{O}_2

Diploid: Represented as 2n; refers to a full set of chromosomes.
Haploid: Represented as n; refers to half the genetic material, typically gametes.
Mitosis: Produces 2 identical diploid cells.
Meiosis: Produces 4 non-identical haploid cells.
Four Phases of Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

Restriction Enzymes: Cut DNA at specific sequences.
DNA Movement in Gel Electrophoresis: DNA is negatively charged and moves toward the positive end; smaller fragments move faster.
DNA Fingerprinting: If samples are from the same individual, the fingerprint will show the same banding pattern.

Evolution Definition: Change in allele frequency over generations.
Out-of-Africa Hypothesis: Suggests that modern humans evolved in Africa and migrated outward.
Human-Chimp Common Ancestor: Lived over 7 million years ago.
Major Skull Differences from Australopithecus to Modern Humans: Increased cranial capacity and reduced brow ridge.
Five Lines of Evidence for Evolution: Fossil record, comparative anatomy, molecular biology, biogeography, and direct observation.

Punnett Square for Ff × Ff:
- Phenotypic Ratio for Cystic Fibrosis: 75% healthy, 25% affected.