Exam 3 History of Architecture Kim Sexton ARCH 22303

Synagogue

Period: Talmudic

Place: Capernaum, Israel

Date: 4th cen. AD.

A. Context

-Temple of Jerusalem was destroyed.

-They recite the Shema that includes prayer, reading the law, reading the prophets, discourse by anyone who desires to speak, the benediction. All happens at the synagogue.

B. Precedent

-Greek bouleuterion

C. Ritual

-main door facing direction of Jerusalem

-prayer hall, position for the arc, position for the pulpit

-reciting the Shema

-after service there is a shared meal

D. Style

-spolia-Conspicuous reuse of a building material showing the rightful hair of a past legacy and it is obvious that this piece is from somewhere else

E. Arch of the persecuted

-Synagogue at Stobi, Greece and synagogue at Worms, Germany.

Santa Sabina (basilica)

Period: Early Christian

Place: Rome, Italy

Date: 5th cen. AD

A. Context

-Roman emperor Constantine legalized Christianity in 313 AD

-Constantine has chiro dream That tells him he will win battle of Milvian bridge. Constantine Commission Saint Peters Basilica on the Vatican hill

-Circus of Nero and Caligula has memorial of Peter near it

B. Precedent

-They want a place to read, teach, meals

-multifunctional place

-Maxentius started it, Constantine finished it

C. Features

-The ASPE is a vaulted, semicircular or semi polygonal space usually found at the sanctuary end of the Christian Church.

-the ATRIUM Is mentally preparing, cleansing before entering

-the NAVE is an aisle down the center of a room to alter

-the TRANSEPT is a Transverse arm crossing the main body of a Christian Church. Devoted to shrine of Peter. Also becomes symbol of the cross of the crucifixion.

-Orientation of early Christian basilicas will turn the liturgical cause or the ASPE to the east.

-aspe west, doors east

D. Style

-Late ancient style in a civil basilica: rhythm of void in a smooth wall plain, windows punched in, window grouped, and banked and progression, generous illusion

-smooth continuous plane, load bearing walls or internal self-buttressing

-interior: horizontal articulation, continuous have colonnade

-spolia: Jeweled style. San Sabina with matching spolia columns. Saint Peter columns are all different columns and colors.

1.

still roman but shifting arch colonnade

E. Ritual

- Shared meals, pray over dead, visit dead on days. Atrium is to cleanse mind

- Sabina Isles for catechumens during sacrament of Eucharist

Hagia Sophia

Period: Byzantine

Place: Istanbul, Turkey

Date: 6th cen. AD

A. Context

- symbolic: Christian belief eternal paradise

B. Ritual & C. Formal Analysis

- 1. THE CONCEPT

- Dome is married to Basilica.

- one to one ratio sharing of space

- imperial box or private auditory for emperor

- Orientation with aspe to the east

- 2. ATRIUM

- West front with atrium

- patriarchy meet with priest. Walk into mass together

- 3. NARTHEXES

- 9 doors

- or vestibule

- marbles on door and floor

- 4. DOMED BASILICA INTERIOR

- Aspe And two curved recesses

- etcetera is the aspe without a wall

- spolia: conceptus reuse of building. Tall marble columns sign of importance or royalty. Porphyra columns ultimately from Egypt curved exedra.

- Galleries over the aisle. Galleries so more people can see

D. Structure

- Dome, pendentive

- brick facing, rubble fell

E. Theory

- Metaphysical order

- appears to be heavenly

F. Byzantine Style

- 1. SPECIAL EFFECTS

- The space alternately recedes from the altars

- 2. LIGHT

- light dissolves structure

- 3. DÉCOR AND MOSAIC

- Marble revetment on walls

- marble fretwork screens panels

- Basket capital

- 4. MODULATION

- Stilted arch: plays with intuitive understanding of load and support. V shaped arch. Springing begins above in post block

Dome of the Rock

Period: Umayyad

Place: Jerusalem, Israel

Date: 7th cen. AD

A. Context

-Jerusalem is conquered by Umar

-Jerusalem is under Umayyad control

B. Program

-tholos, baptistries, mausoleums

C. Symbolism

-8 is the number of initiation or beginning

D. Triumphalistic Display

-colorful exterior for Islamic

-Dome of the rock is 240 meters of inscriptions in the inner octagonal arcade on both sides

-crown and chalice means surrender by defeat rulers

E. Aesthetics

-Pointed arc: lines of the thrust more directly towards the ground

-tectonic and not tectonic

Great Mosque

Period: Umayyad

Place: Cordoba, Spain

Date: 8th-10th cen. AD

A. Context

- A great mosque= congressional mosque

- impressions from older buildings of other cultures

- 1. SPLOIA

- Classical Roman columns

B. Precedent

- Sanctification of the house as an ideal

- Egypt, Persepolis, Iran. Architecture suspended from heaven

C. Ritual

- 1. MINARET?

- Minaret: Of the great mosque at Cordoba. Tower for which the call to prayer is sald. Then turned into bell tower

- 2. ACCOMADATE NON-PROCESSIONAL?

- Islamic non processional design non axial entrance

- 3. RITUAL PREP?

- Ablution Is ritual cleaning of the body

- 4. ORIENTATION

- Qibla- direction of prayer towards Kaaba and mecca

- 4. a. QIBLA AXIS VISIBLE IN HYPOSTYLE HALLS

- Invisible access to Mecca. Mirab niche on quiba axis. Marker of direction.

D. Style

- 1. HORSESHOE ARCH

- Has to be stocked. Less stable, not funneling thrust efficiently

- 2. NON TECTONIC AESTHETIC VALUES

- Alternating voussoirs: ambiguity

- 2.a. IN PATTERN- DOORS OF MINISTERS

- Mihrab niche

- Interlaced horseshoe arches.

- 2.b. DOME RIBS (MAQSURE)

- Fenced of place close to Mihrab. 3 bays with domes that are all different. Variety

E. Structure

- Squinch: The structural element placed diagonally across the corners of a square plain chamber to support the base of a circular or octagonal Dome. Smooth with no seams.

F. Symbolism

- Immeasurable distance, Infinity

Royal Palace

Period: Carolingian

Place: Aachen, Germany

Date: 8th-9th cen. AD

A. Context

- Carolingian emperor to govern his subjects as God's Lieutenant

- first emperor since Rome fall

-Renovatio Romae - Renewal of Rome

B. Features and their origins

- Aula Regia "royal hall"

- Palatine Chapel of Saint Mary or royal Chapel

- atrium

- gallery and connects to Aula and Chapel

- residence over the gatehouse

- has a courtier house

- reorient church to face north, is a more sacred direction

C. Romanitas (Romanness)

- Has Aula or Basilica. Masonry building

- 1. Functions did the CAROLINGIAN emperor perform in the AULA REGIA?

- Here's Charlemagne= guarantor of justice "Spoke down from his golden seat" . Delivering justice. Secular. set him up as a court to judge

- 2. Scopic eye

- he watches his people. Can see under buildings. He spies on his people. Form of surveillance

D. Germanic Traditions

- Aspects of royal palace pay tribute to timber architecture?

- Courtier's housing hall, Granus tower, church tower facade. The Granus tower= has four levels that are original. Not great for living, only windows on stairs

Palatine Chapel

Period: Carolingian

Place: Aachen, Germany

Date: 8th-9th cen. AD

A. Context

- Carolingian emperor to govern his subjects as God's Lieutenant

- first emperor since Rome fall

-Renovatio Romae - Renewal of Rome

-2 floors, second floor has overlook.

B. Program

- Lore Is octagonal, outside is side Polygon. Ground floor is where courtiers are. Throne looks down on gallery.

C. Style

- Eliminate curves, very geometric

- bronze didn't steal, doors with lion made themselves and bronze second story gallery railing.

- Masonry but not ashlar

- decor can be compared to Dome of rock

- both have mosaics and white and green

D. Ritual

- There is a long walk on the 2nd floor gallery to get to the throne, can see out big window and people inside. In mosaic God is looking right at throne.

E. Symbolism and Theory

- 1. Numerology: symbolism of the number 8, beginning of rain, imperial coronation took place here, buried Charlemagne in Chapel. Eight sides when start of eternal life in heaven.

- 2. 144 CAROLIGIAN foot of inner arc atonal. Walls of heavenly Jerusalem are 144 cubic height

Temple of Inscription

Period: Maya

Place: Palenque, Mexico

Date: 7th cen. AD

A. Context

- No grid or alignment. 9 levels equal 9 layers of the underworld or the cosmic circle colored white and red.

- 4 separate kings list on glyphic panels

B. Ritual

- King's duty to safeguard his community by reinventing cosmos after death

C. Symbolism

- 13 corbelled arches = 13 levels of heaven

Royal Palace

Period: Maya

Place: Palenque, Mexico

Date: 7th-8th cen. AD

A. Context

- Hieroglyphics stairs of house C defeat of Palenque

Pacal gives maya a sense of place in mayan world after the fall of tikal

B. Origins

- Stairs on all sides. It is elevated to look elite. Wide open entrances, welcoming

- 5 phases or layers: underlying typology= the four-sided pyramid

- second layer: three houses connected, 2 buildings

- third layer: added more buildings, gallery

- fourth layer: tower was added

C. Style

- Domestic dwellings but with roof combs

- house a= wall down middle, paired corbeling doors

- translate perishable materials -> into stone -> hip roof over a corbel vault

D. Religious Symbolism

- The subterranean structures as "underworld" two head cosmic monster

E. Legitimacy

- 1. Literal sense of legitimate genealogy?

- Northside stairs are very steep. Stairs as stages for display of power.

- East court: house C has sculpted figures of prisoners.

- West court: has ancestor portraits

- 2. Executing justice, showing their role as guarantor of justice

- house E: white skin house, West gallery in the southwest corner has thrown room death eyes

- 3. Violence, how did space of east court discipline subordinate's past and present?

- Inscription of Palenque defeat. East side stairs have pictures on them. Continuous staircase has walking on their heads. Tower: a shell enclosing A narrow inner stairway. Tower top could be observatory. Filled courtyard up with tower + toilet

Ste. Foy

Period: Romanesque

Place: Conques, France

Date: 11th cen. AD

A. Context

- Carolingian architecture innovates not inspired by Roman precedent

- Romanesque magnified aesthetics -> elaborate of wall, heroic verticality

-Competing to be more grand

B. Ritual

- New parts of Christian basilicas attributable to program requirements of pilgrimage in French Romanesque

- tribune gallery

C. Style/architectural language

- 1. Overall appearance

- three towers

- 2. Facade design

- Roman basilica portal in front with doors, portal is elaborate door and very grand

- ARCHIVOLTS: ornamental molding or bands following the curve of the underside of an arch

- 3. Exterior walls

- CHEVET: east and elaborate with radiating chapels

- 4. Interior nave elevation

- crossing with an octagonal crossing vault on squinches

- It includes a compound pier: nave vertically into bays and reveals thickness in layered planes

- historiated capital: has a tribune gallery not clerestory

D. Theory

- Neoplatonic medieval architectural theory

- Medieval architectural theory visions made visible in part to whole relationship

E. Structure

- It uses a quadrant vault with an overhead gallery

- 1. Romanesque barrel vaults banned with traverse arches?

- Movable formwork and traverse arches help keep it in place

- 2. Why were Romanesque barrel vaults banned useful and aesthetically satisfying

- it creates a whole unit

- 3. Some problems with barrel vaulting?

- Lighting is very dark

Speyer Cathedral

Period: Romanesque

Place: Speyer, Germany

Date: 11th-12th cen. AD

A. Context

1. imperial scale

2. imperial models

-timer ceiling

B. Style/architectural language

- 1. Overall impression

- Lombard bands- horizontal, dwarf gallery, blind arches

- 2. Nave elevation articulated vertically in bays and revealing wall thickness

- clerestory and nave arcade, long engaged columns.

C. Ritual

- Crypt: Burial place under floor of church, 24 kings or emperors are buried here and it is dim lit

D. Structure

- Alternate Piers thickened, every other pier is groin vault

- Recently reinvented a rib vaults in transept arms

E. Theory

- Neoplatonic logic and Romanesque design are seen in the division of the bell towers. Articulated hierarchical subdivisions, whole to part relationship

Le Thoronet Abbey

Period: Romanesque

Place: France

Date: 12th cen. AD

A. Context

- Pointed barrel vaults

- Robert of Molesme and Bernard of clairvaux

B. Program

- novices are studying to be a nun or monk, and they live in the novitiate

- cloisters are people who are cut off from the world

- monks sleep in upper floor of cloister in the north wing

C. Style (exterior/nave elevation)

- Essential cistercian aesthetics...

- supposed to be square not circle aspe

- masonry is rough

- supposed to not have tower

D. Structure

- Old and new architectural technologies were exploited in cistercian design...

- band pointed barrel vaults

- small windows along aisle

- chapter house has rib vault, has less weight

E. Theory

- Theory of architectural design that is especially visible in cistercian design...

- The nave is subdivided

- the molding divides it horizontally

- dormitories have one Bay and four windows

F. Symbolism

- Shift in meaning characterized cistercian symbolism...

- the cloister has fountain house in the middle of it. It is something to use, purify hands, illusion of cleansing

- walking and praying creates rhythm. A practice space: daily practices of theology of the infinite

Chartres Cathedral

Period: Gothic

Place: Chartres, France

Date: 12th-13th cen. AD

A. Context

kings, kingdoms, urbanity. rising star of paris

B. Theory

faith in human senses to move spirit "from the material to the immaterial"

-combines mathematics and geometry

C. Aesthetics

- Otherworldly magnificent realized three things

- 1. Greater spatial unity

- 2. Greater diaphaneity

- 3. Ever increasing height

D. Structure

- 1. Spatial unity

- A. The massing contributes to a unified exterior appearance.

- B. The pointed arch allows for greater unity.

- 2. Diaphaneity

- Taller and wider windows bring greater colored luminosity and greater dematerialization of the wall

- Tracery- ornamental intersecting stonework in gothic windows, panels, and screens.

- A. The taller and wider windows were made possible because they were thin and glazed.

- B. Triforium- is an arcade wall passage between the nave arcade and the clerestory

- C. Pent roofs protect the aisle vaults. Clerestory windows are longer period light enters through full length windows and width of windows

- 3. Height

- A. Flying buttresses work to make new heights possible because they have three Flyers, ribs meat wall where they need the most support so that is where the flyer is.

E. Style/architectural language

- Bar tracery-molded and shaped mullions -> antithetical to wall plane

- Rose Window: theme: Christ in judgment

F. Gothic Exterior

The triforium does not resemble a facade

G. Symbolism

- French gothic western portals as gate to heavenly Jerusalem depicting an encyclopedic story of the Christian salvation

- 3 portals on façade 1. Assumption of the virgin 2. Last judgment 3. Ascension of Christ

- 1. What makes the cathedral the city of heavenly Jerusalem?

- CRENELLATED facades is what makes the walls of the heavenly Jerusalem

The Sainte-Chapelle

Period: Gothic

Place: Paris, France

Date: 13th cen. AD

A. Context

- French king Louis the 4th bid to make Paris the new earthly Jerusalem

- other worldly aesthetics through vibrantly, trusting sight -> gateway to the immaterial

- 1. Relics that king Louis the 4th purchased from Byzantine emperor...

- relics of passion of Christ. Crown of thorns, nails, wood from the cross, whips. They were kept in a chest, the tribune and baldachin

B. Program

- The Chapel as part of the royal palace and serves the King's court as direct access from the royal palace to Ste. Chapel

- 1. How did designers give the king in his entourage the citation that they hovered in the heavens?

o There is a three-part nave, including the arcade the dado zone and the clerestory

C. Aesthetics

- 1. The interior elevation is a four part vault with Piers clustered with response

- 2. It has vaulting

- 3. The elevational system in buttressing- walls or spur buttressing

- 4. Bar tracery- tubular bar tracery creates an antithetical relationship between framework and wall surface

D. Symbolism

- Building as reliquary

- tubular bar wall tracery

E. Triumphalistic display

- French kingship on the world stage shown as temporal and spiritual

- passion relic hovers in clerestory

- 1. A new Jerusalem is represented by the churches in Paris by their location. The holy sepulchre and temple of Solomon in Jerusalem is just like Ste-Chapel and Notre Dame cathedral in Paris.

- 2.

- dado Zone-zone of worldly precious materials. The kings oratory, early martyrs= Christ first soldiers in enamel and stone

- transition-apostles who are the pillars of the church

- clerestory- zone of pure light

Gloucester Cathedral

Period: Gothic

Place: Gloucester, England

Date: 14th-15th cen. AD

A. Context

- designs for micro architecture, canopied niches

- mullion's reached top of window

- 1. National pride of King Edward the third = style unique for England

- nationalize nobility, to common people, made more people feel a part of upper class

B. Overall appearance and exterior

- Distinct places for distinct purposes or rituals. The front has less masonry and no large towers, references to city gates at the front. Also has decor to show reference to the Bible

C. Ritual

- It is romanesque nave with gothic ribs, Ridge ripped down the middle.

- The choir screen is in between the east and West sides. It separates the priest from the clergy.

- Everyone is welcome in the nave but clergy are not allowed past that

- they can hear the music coming from the other side

D. Aesthetics

- Compositional unity (rather than spatial unity), vertically (instead of height), and the diaphaneity in england's perpendicular style

- 1. Compositional unity- smart use of perpendicular tracery. Not aiming for height. Repetition of canopy, niches. Perpendicular cage transformed in the rectilinear liern vault. Cloister fan vault tracery comes from rose window

- 2. Diaphaneity- Has three levels

- 3. Vertically- long rise of columns that spray open when reaches the top to web like look.

E. Structure

- They used a 4 centered arch or a Tudor arch

- it opens up more space and light it used jointed masonry and a rib and panel.

F. Theory

- They use stained glass or clear glass to appear lighter. It has different classes of people on it designed to show status

- patterns and diverse materials. Rib covered in gold. Perpendicular style gothic with leirn vaults

- caught the eye to look at material and if it is painted

Shinden-Zukuri

Period: Heian

Place: Kyoto, Japan

Date: 10th-11th cen. AD

A. Origins

- In capital Kyoto. On a grid with east West towers. Split into two, South for government. Inner palace made from all wood

B. Context

- It starts out that emperor has inner palace. -Then palace for retired or temporary moved emperor, detached imperial palace.

-Then for aristocrats, private residential mansions.

C. Typology

- A garden-based mansion within the urban grid

- things burned down a lot. North living was most desirable. Social rank tells you how much land you can own

- 1. Houses face gardens with ponds. Expensive and upkeep. Face South with no entrance to the South. You would enter on the sides but typically on the east

D. Design of the shinden hall

- This place was a austere luxury of the Japanese elite

- 1. Separating interior from exterior- Vern nandas connect various buildings framing gardens in some areas. Bamboo curtains and windows would swing up and down to create temporary rooms

- 2. Building materials- included mats to sit on which were very typical

- 3. Interior partitions and furnishings- small tables with no chairs. Curtains on rod to move also called standing curtains

- color comes from garments which showed a person's richness. The rich focused on clothing with colors and perfumes men also displayed colors as well

E. Gender

- Men watched rooster fights in the courtyard

- women stayed inside and played music

- veiled segregation of genders with bamboo blinds that lowered

- women live in the north which is more secluded

- bamboo walls are movable, but this was not very serious segregation of genders

Phoenix Hall

Period: Heian

Place: Uji, Japan

Date: 11th cen. AD

A. Context

- Boundaries dissolve illusionistic visions. Face east, no longer enclosed, through faith alone.

- Pure land finds growing acceptance in Japan in the Heian. Popular with aristocrats, easy way to get enlightenment