History Final

Monotheistic

• Belief in a single god

Polytheistic

• Belief in multiple gods

Judaism

• A monotheistic religion of the Jewish people, based on the Hebrew Bible.

Hinduism

• A major religion in South Asia, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being with many forms and natures.

Buddhism

• A religion based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) emphasizing the path to enlightenment through meditation and ethical living.

Islam

• A monotheistic religion articulated by the Quran, believed to be the word of God as revealed to Muhammad.

Enlightenment

• A state of full comprehension of the truth in Buddhism.

Five Pillars

• The five basic acts of worship that are central to Islam.

Ten Commandments

• A set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship in Christianity and Judaism.

Four Noble Truths

• The four central beliefs containing the essence of Buddhist teaching.

Christianity

• A religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

Crusades

• A series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period, primarily to restore Christian control over the Holy Land.

Marco Polo

• A Venetian merchant traveler whose travels are recorded in "The Travels of Marco Polo," which introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China.

Columbian Exchange

• The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World following Columbus's voyages.

The Black Death

• A devastating global epidemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s.

The Silk Road

• An ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West, significant for the cultural, commercial, and technological exchanges between traders.

Renaissance

• A period of cultural, artistic, political, and economic "rebirth" following the Middle Ages, characterized by an emphasis on classical learning and values.

Humanism

• An intellectual movement during the Renaissance that focused on human potential and achievements.

Secular

• Denoting attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious or spiritual basis.

Reformation

• A movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of new Christian denominations that rejected the pope's authority.

Martin Luther

• A German monk who became the father of the Protestant Reformation by nailing his 95 Theses to the church door in 1517.

Indulgences

• Grants by the Catholic Church that released a person from punishment for sins.

95 Theses

• Martin Luther’s list of propositions for an academic disputation on the power and efficacy of indulgences.

Heresy/Heretic

• Belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious doctrine; a person holding such beliefs.

Absolutism

• A form of government where the ruler holds absolute power, not restricted by laws or opposition.

Divine Right

• The doctrine that kings derive their authority from God, not from their subjects.

Enlightenment

• An intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism.

Salon

• A gathering of intellectuals and artists, like those held in the homes of wealthy women in Paris and other European cities during the Enlightenment.

Philosophers

• The intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning.

Thomas Hobbes

• An English philosopher best known for his work on political philosophy, especially his book "Leviathan" advocating absolute sovereignty.

John Locke

• An English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

Montesquieu

• A French judge and political philosopher who advocated the separation of powers in government.

Voltaire

• A French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit and criticism of the Catholic Church.

Beccaria

• An Italian criminologist, jurist, and philosopher who is famous for his treatise "On Crimes and Punishments" (1764) condemning torture and the death penalty.

The Estate System/ 3 Estates

• The division of French society into three social classes: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.

Old Regime

• The political and social system in France before the Revolution of 1789.

Louis XVI

• The last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution.

Robespierre

• A French lawyer and statesman who became one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution.

The Reign of Terror

• A period during the French Revolution after the First French Republic was established, marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution."

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

• A fundamental document of the French Revolution, outlining individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal.

Napoleon Bonaparte

• A French military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars.

Peninsulares

• Spanish-born settlers in Latin America who held the highest social and political positions.

Creoles

• People of European descent born in the colonies.

Mestizos

• People of mixed European and Native American ancestry in Latin America.

Mulattos

• People of mixed European and African ancestry in Latin America.

Nationalism

• A political ideology that involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a nation.

Nation/Nation-State

• A sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.

Factors of Production

• The inputs used in the production of goods or services in order to make an economic profit, including land, labor, and capital.

Capitalism

• An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods.

Socialism

• A political and economic theory advocating collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods.

Communism

• A society in which all property is publicly owned.

Urbanization

• The process of making an area more urban.

Suffrage

• The right to vote in political elections.

Union

• An organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

Imperialism

• A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

EmPIRE

• An acronym for the motives of imperialism: Economic, Military, Political, Ideological, Religious, and Exploratory.

Berlin Conference

• A meeting where European nations agreed on rules for colonizing Africa.

Social Darwinism

• The application of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection to society, used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism.

MAIN (causes of WWI)

• An acronym for the main causes of World War I: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.

Archduke Ferdinand

• His assassination in Sarajevo triggered the start of World War I.

Central Powers/Allies

Two opposing military alliances during World War I. Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. Allies: France, Britain, Russia, Italy, and later the US.

Triple Entente/Triple Alliance

• Triple Entente: Alliance between France, Russia, and Britain. Triple Alliance: Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

Trench warfare

• A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.

Schlieffen Plan

• Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I, intending to quickly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia.

Treaty of Versailles

• The peace treaty that ended World War I, imposing harsh terms on Germany.

Reparations

• Compensation imposed during the Treaty of Versailles that required Germany to make payments for the damage caused during the war.

Totalitarianism

• The dictator of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953, known for his totalitarian rule.

Joseph Stalin

Benito Mussolini

• The fascist dictator of Italy from 1925 to 1945.

Adolf Hitler

• The leader of the Nazi Party, dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945.

Censorship

• The suppression or prohibition of speech, public communication, or other information.

Indoctrination

• Teaching someone to accept a set of beliefs uncritically.

Propaganda

• Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view.

Munich Conference

• A 1938 meeting of representatives from Britain, France, Italy, and Germany, at which Britain and France agreed to allow Nazi Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia.

Appeasement

• The policy of making concessions to the dictatorial powers in order to avoid conflict.

League of Nations

• An international organization established after World War I under the Treaty of Versailles to promote peace and cooperation among countries

Non-aggression pact

• An agreement between countries to not engage in military action against each other.

Blitzkrieg

• "Lightning war"; a military tactic used by Germany to create disorganization among enemy forces through the use of mobile forces and locally concentrated firepower.

Battle of Britain

• A series of air battles between Germany and Britain in 1940.

Operation Barbarossa

• The code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.

Pearl Harbor

• A surprise military attack by the Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941.

D-Day

• The Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II on June 6, 1944.

European Theater

• The area of military operations during World War II that encompassed Europe.

Pacific Theater

• The area of military operations during World War II that encompassed the Pacific Ocean and its islands.