Unit 3: Study Guide

BSC 1011-003

What tissue in the Mesophyll does photosynthesis occur?

Parenchyma

What tissue makes up the stringy part of celery?

Collenchyma

What is the function of Xylem?

Transports H2O and minerals throughout the plant - dead at maturity

What is the function of Phloem?

Transports organic molecules and sugars throughout the plant - alive at maturity

What is the most metabolically active cell when fully functioning?

Companion cells

Companion cells/sieve-tube members & tracheids/vessel elements T/F

TRUE

What is Apoplastic Movement?

Rapid transport of H2O through intercellular spaces & non-living cell walls rather than crossing cell membranes

What is Symplastic Movement?

Transport of H2O and solutes through cytoplasm of plant cells

Apoplastic Pathway

H2O easily passes from soil into epidermis of root hairs, EASILY moves between cells of the cortex

Symplastic Pathway

H2O reaches the endodermis, H2O must move through via osmosis, free-flow prevented by casparian strip cells

What is Parenthogenesis?

The development of an egg without being fertilized

What is epicotyl?

The region of an embryo/seedling stem ABOVE the cotyledon

What is coleoptile?

A protective sheath protecting the young shoot; ONLY monocots (i.e. grass)

What layers of tissue make up bark?

Phloem, Cork cambium, Cork, Lenticels

Where can gas exchange occur in plants?

Lenticles, roots, and stomata

What fixation method of nitrogen is most common and effective?

Biotic Fixation

What two tissue types are ONLY found in animals?

Nervous & Muscle

The surface area of the embryo increases as cleavage occurs T/F

FALSE

Deuterostomes typically have what cleavage pattern?

Radial Cleavage

Protostomes typically have what cleavage pattern?

Spiral Cleavage

What tissue comes from the Ectoderm?

Nervous tissue

What tissue comes from the Endoderm?

Cardiac tissue

The mesoglea is NOT a true tissue layer T/F

TRUE

What are the main four attributes animals are classified by?

Tissue, Symmetry, Body Cavities, & the Fate of the Blastopore

Is a pseudocoelom a REAL body cavity?

Yes - a pseudocoelom is not a TRUE coelom, but is a real body cavity

In what class of cnidarians is the polyp form dominant, but still alternates between polyp and medusa?

Hydrozoa

In what class of cnidarians is the medusa form dominant, but still alternates between polyp and medusa?

Scyphozoa

What class of cnidarians contains ONLY the polyp form?

Anthozoa

What is the class of the man-o-war, hydra & fire coral?

Class Hydrozoa

What is the class of box-jellies, sea-jellies & the sea wasp?

Class Scyphozoa

What is the class of sea fans, corals & anemones?

Class Anthozoa

What is the function of colloblasts in ctenophores?

Adhesion

Where are MOST stomata found?

On the underside of the leaf

What are statoliths?

Gravity sensing organelles found at the tips of roots

Why are statoliths important?

They are heavier than the rest of the roots - so the root knows to grow downwards (gravitropism)

What structure in humans are statoliths similar to?

Small bones in our ears - help with orientation

What body plans do phylum porifera posses?

Asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid

Sponges posses an ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm T/F

FALSE

What class of sponges contain silica dioxide spicules and are known as glass sponges?

Class Hexactinillida

What is the Periostracum?

Leathery, protein layer on the outside of some 'shells'

What is the Prismatic Layer?

Perpendicular layer of calcium carbonate

What is the Nacreous Layer?

Horizontal layer of calcium carbonate

What is significant about the species Neopilina?

Represents a group that links mollusks with annelids, 'living fossil' its body is segmented like annelids

What is special about Chiton shells?

Their shell is articulate(jointed) to form eight plates

What is the function of adductor muscles in class bivalvia?

These muscles force the shell to close

What is the function of protractor muscles in class bivalvia?

These muscles push the foot forward

What is the function of attractor muscles in class bivalvia?

These muscles contract and pull the clam towards the expanded foot, enabling the animal to move forward

How do giant clams feed?

By having a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae

What is the function of chromatophores?

Allow for rapid changes in colors/patterns in many cephalopods

What is the spinhuncle?

A thin tube of tissue that travels into each chamber of the nautilus shell, responsible for producing gases used in maintaining neutral buoyancy

What was the first phylum discussed that possesses a closed circulatory system?

Nemertea

What does eutely mean?

Having a fixed number of cells

What is a cloaca?

A common opening for the exit of 2 or more systems; 1 one which is digestive

What class do fire corals belong to?

Class Hydrozoa

What class do Portuguese-man-o-war belong to?

Class Hydrozoa

What is the largest invertebrate animal?

The giant squid

Arthropods make up how much of all extant species?

80%

Molluscs make up how much of all extant species?

10-15%

Which phylum has the first nervous system?

Phylum Cnidaria

Which phylum has the first excretory system?

Phylum Platyhelminthes

To what class and phylum do tapeworms belong?

Phylum Platyhelminthes, Class Cestoda

In some mollusks, the intestines run directly through the heart T/F

TRUE

What are protonephridia?

Earliest known excretory systems functional units, also called flame cells

What is the common name for Physalia?

Portuguese-man-o-war

Which phylum is commonly known as ‘ribbon worms’ and contains a proboscis?

Phylum Nemertea

What phylum is commonly known as ‘moss animals’?

Phylum Bryozoa

Bryozoans can produce chlorophyll AND chloroplasts T/F

FALSE

The Nacreous layer is pearly T/F

TRUE

What class in Phylum Mollusca contains shells resembling elephant’s tusks?

Class Scaphopoda

What phylums of eucoeolomates are lophophorates?

Phylum Bryozoa, Phylum Brachiopoda, Phylum Phoronida

Sclerenchyma is alive at maturity while parenchyma and collenchyma are dead T/F

FALSE

What are colloblasts in Phylum Ctenophora?

Sticky, stinging cells

In what layer of the leaf do light dependent reactions occur?

Palisade