\ **common la**w bc **common** to everyone - **case law** bc based on previous **cases**
2
New cards
Sources of law in Canada: Statute law
laws/acts passed by gov
\ precedence over common/case law and works together with it
3
New cards
Sources of law in Canada: constitutional law
overrules all canadian law (common/statute law)
restricts gov
4
New cards
Rule of law
everyone is equal under the law, nobody is above the law (law is needed & enforced by those in a legal position to do so)
\ * we know everyone follows the same laws as us even police & gov * we know people who break the law will be held accountable * we know even if they don’t agree with it, police (those in a legal position to do so) have to follow and enforce the law
5
New cards
Naturalist thinkers
Law is **not** the only source of law
\ morality/circumstance/human reason all come into play
\ law from supreme being (God)
6
New cards
Positivist thinkers
“The law is the law'“
\ written rules from gov are only source of law
\ morality doesn’t come into question
7
New cards
justice
equality/equity, moral rightness, fairness, punishment for wrong committed
8
New cards
Maurice Duplessis:
Duplessis: Elected Quebec premier, hated jehova’s witnesses, abused power to revoke roncarelli’s license, did not benefit country he benefitted himself
9
New cards
Frank Roncarelli:
Jehova’s witness restaurant owner, paid bail for other Jehova’s witnesses, Duplessis revoked his liquor license, won court case because Duplessis was abusing his power and benefiting him instead of the country
10
New cards
Reasons laws change
C- Change in Values
I- Individual & Collective Actions
N- National Emergencies
D- Demographic Change
T- Technological Change
11
New cards
Demographic shifts
as populations shift, the laws shift to accommodate
\ * Ex. population shift from rural to urban, new laws created to handle change in population * Ex. Retiring age at 65 (before it was forced to retire at that age) * Ex. Age, birth, death rates
12
New cards
Technological changes
As technology shifts, so do laws
\ * Ex. Change from horses to buggy cars, therefore create traffic laws to accommodate * Ex. Cell Phones and cyberbullying laws, distracted driving * Ex. Privacy laws to combat social media concerns
13
New cards
Changes in value
As population changes, our social values change (important/ what should be legal)
\ * Ex. Smoking/drinking & driving * Ex contraceptives were once illegal to purchase/sell. Now it’s almost illegal not to use them
14
New cards
National emergencies
laws can accommodate urgent needs in society
\ \ Ex. 9-11 in USA prompted Canada to pass Anti-terrorism Act where:
* Allowed police to arrest people suspected of terrorist activity w/o charging them first * Allowed police to force people to testify in secret investigations * __**Custom’s act**__: custom agents & TSA have the authoritative power to inspect and have advanced access to people (who should be questioned/investigated/searched) \*border crossing/airline travel
15
New cards
Individual & collective actions
One person can really change the way things are done
\ Ex. BLM
Ex. Nelson Mandela: challenged apartheid in South Africa but imprisoned for decades. Eventually became president and became abolished
16
New cards
**Domestic law**
* Laws created to govern activity **within a nation's boundaries** * When you cross borders you have to abide by their laws
17
New cards
**International Law**
* Laws that govern relationships **between independent nations** * Foreign policy
18
New cards
**Substantive law**
\ * Laws that define the **rights, duties, obligations of citizens and government**
19
New cards
**Procedural law**
**steps that must be followed by police, gov, judges**
\ * Laws that prescribe methods of enforcing the rights & obligations of the substantive law * Ex miranda warning read to u before arrest in the US
20
New cards
**Public law**
**if you break the law**
* Regulates relationship with ***governments and citizens*** * What falls under it: Criminal Law, Administrative Law, Constitutional Law
21
New cards
**Criminal law**
\ * **Identifies criminals and prescribes punishments to criminals** * **Crown vs whoever** * R. stand for regina (queen that created the constitution)\] * Criminal code in Canada creates laws * It's always society versus criminals ( R/Crown v. whoever)
22
New cards
**Administrative law**
**human rights violations**
* Relationship between people and government departments, boards or agencies. Welfare, workers comp. Etc…
23
New cards
**Constitutional law**
\ * All laws must abide/follow constitution
24
New cards
**Private law/civil law**
**relationship between an individual & organization**
\ * Or civil law, pertains to relationships between private individuals and organizations * **Anything people can charge others for, not by the government**
25
New cards
**Tort law**
holds a **person/business accountable for damage**
\ * Holds person or private organization responsible for damages caused * Plaintive vs defendant * People try to avoid not; like caution wet floor or coffee is hot (duh) * Liebeck vs McDonalds * Bc the places don’t want to get sued
26
New cards
**Contract law**
relationship between an individual and a businesses’ contract
\ \ * Revolves around rules regarding contract between individuals and business * If one party fails to uphold the terms of contract it can be voided
27
New cards
F**amily law**
* Deals with **all aspects of family life**. Divorce, care for elderly parents, child care, custody
28
New cards
**Wills and estate**
\ * Deals with **division & distribution of goods and property after death** * Governs what each person will get, and it often turns families against each other * **who gets what**
29
New cards
**Property law**
\ * Regulates rights & ownership of property
30
New cards
**Employment law**
\ * Governs relationship between **employer and employee** * Age, minimum wage, hiring and firing, safety unions, etc…
31
New cards
equality
equal share of everything distributed equally to everyone
\ each individual person is given the same amount of resources & oppertunities
32
New cards
equity
recognizes each person has a different circumstance, so the resources and opportunities are specifically allotted to their %%needs%%
33
New cards
moral rightness
moral status of an action whether its right/wrong to a degree of wrongfulness
\ depends on the person’s sense
34
New cards
jurisprudence
philosophy (study of law/science of law) with 2 different viewpoints:
1. positivists (no morality) 2. naturalists (reason & circumstance)
\ covers law topics like definition of crime and the difference between law and justice
35
New cards
9/11 anti-terrorism act
9/11 prompted Canada to pass this
\ * Allowed police to arrest people suspected of terrorist activity w/o charging them first * Allowed police to force people to testify in secret investigations * __**Custom’s act**__: custom agents & TSA have the authoritative power to inspect and have advanced access to people (who should be questioned/investigated/searched) \*border crossing/airline travel
36
New cards
4 types of Collective change
1) Lobby Groups
2) Royal Commission
3) Political Demonstration
4) Legal Scholarships
37
New cards
lobby groups
Lobby group: number of people trying to influence legislators for a cause or interest
\ Focus on raising public awareness & effective for changing the law
38
New cards
royal commissions
when passing a new law/removing a old one they hold public meetings for citizens to attend
39
New cards
legal scholarship
publish scholarly articles/books on a legal topic/issue
40
New cards
political demonstrations
law allows peaceful assemblies like protests/marches but some political demonstrations can turn bad and result in a not peaceful assembly
41
New cards
legal realism
laws from judges interpretation, human creation
law is determined by what happens in court, as judges interpret & apply
42
New cards
feminism jurisprudence
study that laws were created for men, to oppress women
\ questions equality & fairness
43
New cards
What is the rule of law? What standards does it set for society? Government? Why is it so important?
44
New cards
Name and explain the factors which affect legal change? What influences these changes?
C-
I-
N-
D-
T-
45
New cards
What are the 4 ways in which changes are brought about by collective change?
46
New cards
Draw the Categories of Law diagram. What types of laws fall under Private Law? Public Law?
47
New cards
What are the sources of Canadian law? How do they work together? Separately?
48
New cards
What is the difference between the philosophy of Natural law and Positive law?
\-
49
New cards
Who were the key philosophers discussed in class? What were their view points? What did each contribute to our current legal system?
\-
50
New cards
Name and explain the modern theories of law? What do they tell you about the changing values of society?
??///////???
51
New cards
Explain some of the historical and contemporary methods and systems used for adjudicating legal questions.