Biology Midterm

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 23 people
call kaiCall Kai
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
GameKnowt Play
Card Sorting

1/110

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

help me help me

Last updated 2:17 PM on 12/16/22
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced
Call with Kai

No analytics yet

Send a link to your students to track their progress

111 Terms

1
New cards
Hypothesis
a tentative scientific explanation that can be tested by further observation or experimentation
2
New cards
Control Group
an experiment in which only one variable is changed
3
New cards
Independent variable
the variable deliberately changed
4
New cards
Controlled Experiment
an experiment in which only one variable is changed
5
New cards
Qualitative Data
data that is descriptive and involves characteristics that cannot be measured
6
New cards
Inference
a logical interpretation based on what scientists already know
7
New cards
Quantitative Data
numbers obtained by counting or measuring
8
New cards
Theory
a tested, highly-reliable scientific explanation of events in the natural world
9
New cards
Observation
the act of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful, orderly way
10
New cards
Dependent Variable
the variable that is observed or measured by the scientist
11
New cards
Sexual Reproduction
cells from two different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism
12
New cards
Asexual Reproduction
a single parent gives rise to a new organism
13
New cards
DNA
the universal genetic material that is composed of nucleotides
14
New cards
Metabolism
combination of chemical reactions that an organism uses for its life processes
15
New cards
Stimulus
a signal to which an organism responds
16
New cards
Homeostasis
relatively constant set of conditions that an organism maintains
17
New cards
Evolve
change over time at the population level
18
New cards
Growth
enlargement in size
19
New cards
Development
a single fertilized egg cell divides again and again to produce the many cells of a mature organism
20
New cards
Cell
basic structure of life; smallest unit of life
21
New cards
Genus
a group of similar species; first name in a scientific name
22
New cards
Domain
The most inclusive category in modern classification systems; there are three of these (e.g. Eukarya or Archaea)
23
New cards
Taxon
groups used to classify organisms (e.g. class, order, phylum, species, kingdom, etc.)
24
New cards
Clade
a group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all of its descendants
25
New cards
Common ancestor
a hypothetical organism that lived in the past and gave rise to two different lineages
26
New cards
Cladogram
a tree-like diagram that shows evolutionary relationships between different species
27
New cards
Binomial nomenclature
a system of naming species using a two-part scientific name
28
New cards
Taxonomy
a system of naming and classifying organisms based on shared characteristics
29
New cards
Derived character
a trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a lineage and was passed to its descendants
30
New cards
Species
the most specific taxon; a group of individuals that live naturally together and successfully interbreed
31
New cards
Linnaean classification
a hierarchical system of biological classification first used in the 1700s
32
New cards
Kingdom
the largest category in traditional Linnaean classification; there are six of these (e.g. Protista or Animalia)
33
New cards
Dichotomous key
a classification tool that uses a system of paired statements to identify an organism
34
New cards
Prokaryote
a single-celled organism without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
35
New cards
Eukaryote
type of cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
36
New cards
Autotroph
an organism that can obtain energy and raw materials from inorganic sources; a producer
37
New cards
Heterotroph
an organism that must obtain energy and raw materials by eating other organisms; a consumer
38
New cards
Archaea
domain with organisms that are prokaryotic, such as methanogens and halophiles
39
New cards
Bacteria
domain with organisms that are unicellular, prokaryotes such as E. coli and S. pneumoniae
40
New cards
Eukarya
domain that includes organisms with eukaryotic cells
41
New cards
Protista
kingdom with a wide-range of organisms that don't fit in any other categories
42
New cards
Fungi
kingdom with organisms that are heterotrophic, eukaryotes with cell membranes made of chitin
43
New cards
Animalia
kingdom with organisms that are heterotrophic, eukaryotes without cell walls
44
New cards
Plantae
kingdom with organisms that are almost all multicellular, autotrophic, eukaryotes
45
New cards
Eubacteria
kingdom with prokaryotes that do not live in harsh environments
46
New cards
Archaebacteria
kingdom with organisms that are prokaryotes that live in harsh environments
47
New cards
Speciation
The process of forming two species from one ancestral species
48
New cards
Temporal isolation
A form of reproductive isolation in which species mate during different times
49
New cards
Geographic isolation
A form of reproductive isolation in which species are separated in location
50
New cards
Behavioral isolation
A form of reproductive isolation in which species have different mating rituals
51
New cards
Postzygotic isolation
A form of reproductive isolation in which species can mate but can't produce fertile offspring
52
New cards
Natural selection
A process by which organisms that are most suited to their environment survive and reproduce
53
New cards
Artificial selection
The process used by humans to choose animals and plants that have desirable traits
54
New cards
Biogeography
Study of the past and present distribution of organisms across the globe
55
New cards
Convergent evolution
A process that results in analogous structures, or similarities due to environment rather than shared ancestry
56
New cards
Biological fitness
How well an organism survives and reproduces in its environment; the ability to get its genes into the next generation
57
New cards
Homologous structures
Structures that are shared as the result of a common ancestry
58
New cards
Analogous structures
Structures that are shared because of similar environment rather than common ancestry
59
New cards
Enzyme
A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing
60
New cards
Activation energy
the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
61
New cards
Substrate
A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme
62
New cards
Active site
The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds
63
New cards
Monomer
A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
64
New cards
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together
65
New cards
Dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.
66
New cards
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
67
New cards
Carbohydrate
compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body
68
New cards
Monosaccharide
A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.
69
New cards
Polysaccharide
large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides
70
New cards
Lipid
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
71
New cards
Triglyceride
a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule
72
New cards
Phospholipid
a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule; the structural compound in cell membranes
73
New cards
Saturated fatty acid
A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds
74
New cards
Unsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail
75
New cards
Trans fat
An unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds.
76
New cards
Nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
77
New cards
Nitrogenous base
An organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA
78
New cards
Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)
Macromolecules that make up DNA and RNA. Contain the organism's genetic information for making proteins.
79
New cards
Amino acid
compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end
80
New cards
Polypeptide
long chain of amino acids that makes proteins
81
New cards
Protein
A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.
82
New cards
Primary structure
The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain
83
New cards
Tertiary structure
The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide
84
New cards
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
85
New cards
Nucleus
Control center of the cell; only found in eukaryotic cells
86
New cards
Organelles
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
87
New cards
Nucleolus
Produces and assembles ribosomes in Prokaryotic cells
88
New cards
Ribosomes
transfers and stores DNA
89
New cards
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Produces proteins in eukaryotic cells
90
New cards
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
produces lipids and steroids in eukaryotic cells
91
New cards
Golgi apparatus
Intracellular transport in eukaryotic cells
92
New cards
Vacuoles and Vesicles
storage and transport
93
New cards
Molecular transport
Small molecules and ions are carried across membranes by proteins in the membrane that act like pumps; Against gradient
94
New cards
Bulk transport
The process by which large particles and macromolecules are transported through the cell membrane (the membrane breaks off and surrounds the particle)
95
New cards
Lysosomes
An organelle containing digestive enzymes
96
New cards
Cytoskeleton
protein filaments that provide shape and aid in movement
97
New cards
Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
98
New cards
Mitochondria
Produces energy for the cell; powerhouse of the cell
99
New cards
Cell Wall
A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.
100
New cards
Cell Membrane
A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.