Genetic modification 1

Recombinant dna

A gene is removed out of DNA of a species and inserted into the DNA of another

Transgenic organism (GMD)

An organism that has added capability

Restriction enzymes

Cut DNA as specific points. Different enzymes are used to cut specific genes

DNA ligases

Join DNA ends together

Two types of restriction enzymes

Restriction enzymes forming straight cuts

Restriction enzymes forming sticky end

Restriction enzymes forming sticky ends

They cut DNA with overlapping ends allowing ligase to more easily join them together

Vector

Vessels that carries genes

Stages of producing transgenic bacterium

Plasmids are isolated from bacterium

Plasmid is cut using restriction enzyme

DNA from donor cell is cut using restriction enzyme

DNA from donor cell is inserted into the plasmid using ligase enzyme

The new plasmid is inserted back into the bacteria

Bacteriophage (act as vectors)

A virus that attacks a bacterium by attaching to the cell wall and injecting its own DNA

Uses of genetically modified bacteria

Human insulin

Enzymes for washing powders

Human growth hormone

Human vaccines

Producing gentically modified plants

Introduce new gene into plant cell

Agrobacterium regularly inserts plasmids into plant cells

Uses of genetically modified plants

Golden rice

Fruit and vegetable with extended shelf life

Risks of xenotransplantation

Organ may carry pathogens

Immune rejection

Gene gun

Tiny pellets of gold are coated with DNA that contains the desired gene are fired into plant tissue