Greece Quiz 2

The Greco-Persian Wars: 

• 490-480 BCE

• Series of wars where Persia invaded Greece 

• Greece wins against persia

Ionian Revolts: 

• 499-494

• Ionian Greek City states fight against Persians 

• Local rivalry between tyrants 

• Athens and Eretrians offer support but not a panhellenic effort 

• Ionian city states paid tributes to persian king

Battle of Marathon:

• First persian invasion of greece under king darius 

• 490BCE

• Outnumbered Greek army defeated Persians forces

Battle of Himera: 

• Took place on same day as battle of Salamis 

• Greek victory over the Carthaginians 

•  Mass Graves 

• Became signal of greek heroism against foreign invasion

Gelon the Tyrant: 

• King of Syracuse 

• Defended Syracuse against Carthaginians at Battle of Himera 

• Has a Golden Tripod in Delphi, dedication to Apollo after battle of Himera 

Xerxes

• Builds bridge with boats to cross the aegean sea 

• Crosses hellepont, Persian

Themistokles

• Was an Archon and a Strategos 

• Establishes fortification and bolstering of the piraeus as military and commercial harbor 

• Convinced state to use silver found to fund military 

• Formed Athenian Navy

Laurion

Where silver was found in Attica

Strategos/Strategia

• Led military unit 

• 10 tribes political and military division 

• Authority driven by charisma and personality 

Hoplite

• Soldiers

• Had to provide their own equipment 

• Eligible once they get citizenship at 18 

Battle of Thermopylae: 

• Persian return in 480

• Greeks lost, delayed Persians and allowed for defenses to prepare at battle of Salamis 

• Symbol of courage and sacrifice

Battle of Salamis: 

• Turning point in the war 

• Greek Victory in Naval Battle 

Artemisia:

• Persian Queen

• From same place as Herodotus Halicarnassian 

• Very intelligent, advised against Salamis battle, gave king the best counsels 

Battle of Plataea: 

• Final land battle of second persian invasion 

• Greek victory 

• Ended persians invasion of Greece

Herodotus

• “Father of history” & “father of lies” 

• Exiled for trying to overthrow pro-persian greek ruler 

• Wrote “Histories” 

• Tells history in a story telling way, biased storytelling 

Spartan Pausanias: 

• Spartan general who led Greek forces to victory at Plataea against persians

Cimon

• Strategoi

• Pro-Spartan attitudes 

• Ostracized for pro spartan attitudes 

Herodotus’ Histories: 

• Founding work of history 

• Preserving greek history, in a storytelling way 

Aeschylus

• Earliest tragedian whose works survive

• Fought at marathon

• Used myth to explore grand moral issues 

• Wrote the persians

The Persians:

• Written by Aeschylus

• Only surviving tragedy without mythical theme 

• Tragedy on Atossa's dream and her grief over Darius death

City Dionysia: 

• Holds Greek drama performances at festival of Dionysos

• Where most plays are performed

Choregos

• Producer or sponsor of a Greek Drama 

• EX: Pericles for persians

Pericles

• Strategoi

• Stabilized Athenian power 

• Pericleian building program, moved delian league treasury to athens 

• Created new Citizenship law 

• Remembered more favorably

Ephialtes

• Radicalized Democracy 

• Comes after Cimon

• Wanted to let sparta pride be trampled in dust 

• Diminished power of Areopagus and transferred their functions to boule, ekklesia, and body of prospective jurors

Periclean Citizenship Law: 

• Both parents must be athenian born citizens for child to be athenian 

Cleruchy

• Military outposts 

• Athenian colony, settlers retained Athenian citizenship and were assigned plots of land while the community remains politically dependent on athens 

Demos

• The common people 

• Decision by jury was a decision by the demos 

Athenian Magistrates: 

• Key offices selected by lot= 

• 9 Archon 

• 500 Boule 

• Jurors

“The School of Hellas” 

• Shift away from Ionia as the center of thought, education, and technology

• People began shifting towards speculating about the natural world 

• Advancements of medical rational explanations of natural phenomena 

Sophists

• Relativism: the idea that there is no single, absolute, objective truth (including moral judgments) 

• Rhetoric: art of persuasion, debate skills

• Paid teacher of philosophy and rhetoric, associated popular thought with moral skepticism and specious reasoning 

Doryphoros by Polykleitos: 

• “Spear-bearer” 

• People as they appear to be not as they are 

• Does not engage with the viewer: connected to drama and theatre 

• Naturalistic ideal 

• Symmetria: balance harmony, proportion

Discobolus by Myron: 

• Disc throwing statue 

• Reemphasizes Symmetria, reference to the human body in contemporary medical texts 

• Athletic perfection, physical balance, and ideal of physical beauty 

Parthenon

• Part of periclean building program 

• Represents themes that emphasize need for forces and order and civilization to fight for victory

• Represents patron goddess Athena 

• Themes of allegories for order, civilization and greek supremacy 

Temple of Athena Nike: 

• Emphasize importance of gods in their culture, effects heightened through the sculptures

• Part of Periclean Building Program 

Thucydides

• Wrote history of peloponesian war 

• Chronological telling style 

• Focuses on human nature as a driving factor 

• Wants to appear accurate and objective 

• Heavy focus and emphasis on speeches 

Thirty Years Peace: 

• Ended first peloponnesian war

• Treaty between Athens and Sparta

• Terms: Neither could interfere with the allies of other, arbitration would settle their disputes, allies can’t switch sides, Athens and Sparta can use force to retain their own allies 

Metic

• ‘Resident Alien” 

• Can’t own or inherit land, or hold political/ judicial office 

• Can be arrested and sold into slavery 

• Required to have legal representative 

• Have to pay special tax 

Epidamnos

• One of the causes of the war: Epidamnos Affair 

• Internal struggle between democratic and oligarchic factions

• Ancient greek city with settlers from corinth (founder) and corcyra (colony) 

Megarian Decree: 

• Prohibits Megarian merchants from docking or selling goods at Athenian harbors 

• Pericles blamed for the fall out 

• Sparta votes this is violation of thirty years peace 

Kleon

• Poor and not super well known 

• Strategoi

• In favor of massacring the Mytilenians 

• Dies in the war 

• Effective demagogue: leader of the people, manipulates voters 

Brasidas

• Captured Amphipolis and Torone 

• Defeats athenian forces led by cleon in battle of Amphipolis 

• Both him and cleon die in the battle 

• Led to peace of Nicias 

Alcibiades

• Young, enthusiastic for battle 

• Raised by pericles, taught by socrates 

• Prompted spartans to invade attica and disrupts grain from attica (Persians on Sparta's side) 

• Tells athens if they welcome him back he will get persia on their side only if athens becomes an oligarchy

Sicilian Expedition: 

• Corinth colonized colony

• Important producer of grain, center of arts and intellectual activities 

• Led to battle at syracuse

• Athens lost many lives and their ships 

• Lost their naval power, ruins athenians ideological narrative