APUSH AMSCO7.2-7.3

William H. Seward

Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson. Best known for his purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867.

Monroe Doctrine

a U.S. foreign policy statement made by President James Monroe before Congress in 1823. At its core the Monroe doctrine asserted the principle that the Western Hemisphere was closed to further European colonization.

Purchase of Alaska (1867)

marked the end of Russian efforts to expand trade and settlements to the Pacific coast of North America, and became an important step in the United States rise as a great power in the Asia-Pacific region.

Hawaii

U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free

Pearl Harbor

An American naval base in Hawaii where Japanese warplanes destroyed numerous ships and caused 3,000 casualties on December 7, 1941 - a day that, in President Roosevelt's words, was to "live in infant." The attack brought the United States into World War II.

Queen Liluokalani

The last reigning queen of Hawaii. She insisted that native Hawaiians should control the Islands while American planters renewed their efforts to secure the annexation of Hawaii to the United States.

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes.

James G Blaine

Politician who pushed for better communication and relationships between American nations, and who wanted to open trade throughout the continent. This led to political cooperation between nations (Such as Pan-American Conference).

Pan American Conference

a meeting for the Pan-American Union, an international organization for cooperation on trade and other issues. This Union was first introduced by James G. Blaine of Maine in order to establish closer ties between the United States and its southern neighbors.

Richard Olney

Belligerent U.S. secretary of state who used the Monroe Doctrine to pressure Britain in the Venezuelan boundary crisis. Queen Liliuokalani. Native Hawaiian ruler overthrown in a revolution led by white planters and aided by U. S. troops.

Venezuela boundary dispute

occurred over Venezuela's longstanding dispute with Britain, over a piece of land that Britain claimed as part of British Guiana and Venezuela saw as Venezuelan territory. The British eventually allowed the United States to act as a mediator under the power of the Monroe Doctrine.

New Imperialism

The colonial expansion adopted by Europe's powers and, later, Japan and the United States, during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Alfred thayer mahan

a Naval Admiral who was a very effective advocate of imperialism. In the book, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, Mahan claimed that countries with sea power were the great nations of history.

Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Expansionists

states obtaining greater territory through military empire-building or colonialism.

Josiah Strong

a leader of the Third Great Awakening and a founder of the Social Gospel movement that sought to apply Protestant religious principles to solve the social ills brought on by industrialization, urbanization and immigration.

Jingoism

extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy. In practice, it is a country's advocation of the use of threats or actual force against other countries in order to safeguard what it perceives as its national interests.

Cuban revolt

A Nationalist-initiated conflict broke out in Cuba in 1895, the Spanish, remembering the lengthy Ten Years' War, sent 200,000 troops to Cuba.

Yellow journalism

a label given to a brand of newspaper reporting in the mid to late 1890s that embraced dramatic headlines and exaggerated storylines about crime, corruption, sex, and scandal in order to increase circulation numbers and revenue.

De lome letter

a secret letter he wrote describing President McKinley as weak with no mind of his own, angering many Americans when the letter was intercepted and published in American papers.

Sinking of the maine

In 1898, the U.S. battleship Maine exploded and sank in Havana Harbor; 260 Americans died. Although it was later concluded that it was an internal explosion caused by a fire in the coal bunker, the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine provided an excuse for those eager for war with Spain.

Teller amendment

A proviso to President William McKinley's war plans that proclaimed to the world that when the US had overthrown the Spanish misrule, it would give Cuba its freedom. The amendment testified to the ostensibly "anti-imperialist" designs of the initial war plans.

A splendid little war

refers to the Spanish American War in 1898. It was the first conflict fought overseas by the U.S. The main causes of the war were America's support the ongoing struggle by Cubans and Filipinos against Spanish rule, and the mysterious explosion of the battleship U.S.S.

The Philippines

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism

George Dewey

A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines.

Rough Riders

a group of American volunteers that formed to fight at San Juan Hill in Cuba. Many of them were cowboys, ex-convicts, and other rugged men. Colonel Leonard Wood led the group, but Theodore Roosevelt organized it.

Puerto Rico

Given to the US by Spain as a payment for the cost of the Spanish American War.

Guam

Pacific island that was acquired by the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War.

Treaty of paris

America would gain possession of Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam in exchange for $20 million. America would allow Cuba its independence in 1901 with the Platt Amendment and the Philippines in 1947.

Emilio aguinaldo

Considered the First President of the Philippines (1899-1901) and led Philippine forces first against Spain in the latter part of the Philippine Revolution (1896-1897), and then in the Spanish-American War (1898), and finally against the United States during the Philippine-American War (1899-1901).

Anti imperialist league

It was an organization established on June 15, 1898, to battle the American annexation of the Philippines as an insular area. The anti-imperialists opposed expansion, believing that imperialism violated the fundamental.

Insular cases

These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos.

Platt Amendment

a treaty between the U.S. and Cuba that attempted to protect Cuba's independence from foreign intervention. It permitted extensive U.S. involvement in Cuban international and domestic affairs for the enforcement of Cuban independence.

John Hay

American secretary of state who attempted to preserve Chinese independence and protect American interests in China.

Spheres of influence

Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China) An area of one country under the control of another. In China, these areas guaranteed specific trading privileges to each imperialist nation within its respective sphere.

Open door policy

refers to the proposition to keep trade in China open equally to trade with all countries, preventing any one nation from controlling trade in the region. The policy also called for powers to respect Chinese territorial integrity.

Boxer rebellion

An uprising in China directed against foreign influence. It was suppressed by an international force of some 18,000 soldiers, including several thousand Americans. The Boxer Rebellion paved the way for the revolution of 1911, which led to the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912.

Big stick policy

A method of negotiating where it is approached peacefully, but recognizing the possible need for force. Specifically used in reference to American foreign affairs during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President of the United States (1901–1909). He is noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement, as well as his "cowboy" persona and robust masculinity.

Hay Bunau Varilla Treaty

treaty that granted the US land to build the Panama canal in exchange for $10 million and annual payments to Panama. Occurred shortly after Panama's independance.

Panama Canal

The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred.

Santo Domingo

A country that could not pay its debts to European nations in 1904, causing the nations to threaten to intervene. Seeing this as a violation of the Monroe Doctrine, Roosevelt declared his Roosevelt Corollary, stating that the United States would intervene instead.

Roosevelt Corollary

a foreign policy statement by Teddy Roosevelt in 1904 that claimed the right of the United States to intervene in the domestic affairs of Western Hemisphere nations to maintain stability.

Russo Japanese War

A conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of Russia and Japan over Manchuria and Korea that Roosevelt helped with peace negotiations. missionary. someone who attempts to convert others to a particular doctrine or program.

Treaty of Portsmouth

formally ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05. The negotiations took place in August in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and were brokered in part by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.

Segregated schools

Laws passed which enforced segregation between the races in the South in places like railroad cars, beaches, hospitals, schools, restaurants, parks, and more.

Gentlemen’s agreement

An agreement that was negotiated by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1908 with the Japanese government. The Japanese agreed to limit immigration, and Roosevelt agreed to discuss with the San Francisco School Board that segregation of Japanese children in school would be stopped.

Great White Fleet

popular nickname for the powerful United States Navy battle fleet that completed a journey around the globe from 16 December 1907, to 22 February 1909, by order of United States President Theodore Roosevelt.

Root Takahira Agreement

accord between the United States and Japan that averted a drift toward possible war by mutually acknowledging certain international policies and spheres of influence in the Pacific.

Algeciras Conference

settled difference between Germany and France over morocco. Roosevelt supported this conference and mediated it; won noble peace prize.

International Peace Conference

A peace conference held in Paris to negotiate a treaty to end World War I.

William Howard Taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Dollar diplomacy

an economic policy of the United States of America begun during the William Howard Taft Presidency (1909-1913). The policy itself was aimed at furthering the interests of the U.S. abroad by encouraging the investment of U.S. capital in foreign countries, specifically, Latin and South America.

Manchuria

a region in China that was occupied by Japan in 1931. This move was made to get raw materials to make Japan an industrial power. This eventually led to a Japanese invasion of China in 1937.

Intervention in Nicaragua

The United States intervened in this country in 1911 and sent marines when a civil war broke out in 1912 to protect American interests under Taft's dollar diplomacy. The marines remained in this country until 1933.

Anti imperialism

A diverse group formed in order to protest American colonial oversight in the Philippines. It included university presidents, industrialists, clergymen, and labor leaders.

Woodrow Wilson

The Democratic representative in the presidential elections of 1912 and 1916. He was elected into the presidency as a minority president. He was born in Virginia and was raised in a very religious family. He was widely known for his political sermons.

William Jennings Bryan

A politician who was a dominant force in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party. Did not support the Gold Standard, railroads, or banks. Supporter of populist Dem. Promoted Free Silver, anti-imperialism, and trust-busting.

Jones Act

Law according territorial status to the Philippines and promising independence as soon as a "stable government" could be established. The U.S. did not grant the Philippines independence until July 4, 1946.

Conciliation treaties

Wilson's commitment to the ideals of democracy and peace was shared by William Jennings Bryan (secretary of state).

Military intervention

Civilized societies have right and duty to intervene in the affairs of a "backwards" nation to preserve order and stability.

Pancho villa

was a combination of a bandit and a Robin Hood. He was a rival of President Carranza of Mexico. He alluded Pershing and was never caught because Pershing was forced to go fight in WWI.

John J Pershing

an American general who led troops against "Pancho" Villa in 1916. He took on the Meuse-Argonne offensive in 1918 which was one of the longest lasting battles- 47 days in World War I. He was the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I.

Expeditionary force

consisted of the United States Armed Forces sent to Europe under the command of General John J. Pershing in 1917 to help fight World War I .