Princeton Review APUSH Unit 2: Colonization of North America (1607–1754)

○ Anne Hutchinson

________ was a prominent proponent of antinomianism, the belief that faith and Gods grace- as opposed to the observance of moral law and performance of good deeds- suffice to earn one a place among the "elect ..

Massachusetts Bay Company

The Pilgrims and the ________ ● During the 16th century, English Calvinists led a Protestant movement called Puritanism in England.

Narragansett Bay

Metacomet, the leader of the Wampanoag tribe living near ________ in Rhode Island, was neither a king nor named "Philip ..

Native Americans

The Wampanoags were surrounded by white settlements, and colonists were attempting to convert the ________ to English culture and religion.

Great Awakening

■ The First ________ is often described as the response of devout people to the Enlightenment, a European intellectual movement that borrowed heavily from ancient philosophy and emphasized rationalism over emotionalism or spirituality.

● Whitefield

________ was a native of England, where the Enlightenment was in full swing; its effects were also being felt in the colonies, especially in the cities.

Metacomet

________ led attacks on several settlements in retaliation for this intrusion on Wampanoag territory.

Wakefield

When the Pequots attacked a settlement in ________ and killed nine colonists, members of the Massachusetts Bay Colony retaliated by burning the main Pequot village, killing 400, many of them women and children.

Angry God

● Edwards preached the severe, predeterministic doctrines of Calvinism and became famous for his graphic depictions of Hell; you may have read his speech "Sinners in the Hands of a(n) ________ ..

Patriots

The Catawbas were allied with colonists and even fought alongside the ________ during the Revolutionary War, but were engaged in constant warfare with other tribes, such as the Iroquois, the Algonquian, and the Cherokee.

Rhode Islands charter

________ allowed for the free exercise of religion, and it did not require voters to be church members.

Halfway Covenant

■ (Prior to the passage of the ________ in 1662, a Puritan had to experience the gift of Gods grace in order for his or her children to be baptized by the church.

Hurons

At one time the ________ numbered up to 40, 000, living primarily near Lake Ontario and in parts of Quebec, with some groups as far south as West Virginia.

○ Intermarriage

________ was common between Spanish and French settlers and the natives in their colonized territories (though rare among English and Dutch settlers)

extensive use of enslaved

Slavery in the Early Colonies ● As mentioned above, the ________ Africans in the American colonies began when colonists from the Caribbean settled the Carolinas.

Powhatan Wars

The ________ were the earliest conflicts between English settlers and the Powhatan confederacy in Virginia, mainly over territorial disputes.

Beaver Wars

Though largely forgotten in popular history, the ________ were considered the bloodiest in North American history.

○ Franklin

________ was a printers apprentice who, through his own ingenuity and hard work, became a wealthy printer and a successful and respected intellectual.

○ They were motivated by a variety of factors

the desire for wealth and resources, clerical fervor to make new Christian converts, and the race to play a dominant role in geopolitics

○ The company was called the Virginia Company

named for Elizabeth I, known as the Virgin Queen-from which the area around Jamestown took its name

○ Things got so bad during the winter of 1609-1610 that it became known as "the starving time"

nearly 90 percent of Jamestowns 500 residents perished, with some resorting to cannibalism

● The four main colonizing powers in North America interacted with the native inhabitants very differently

○ Spain tended to conquer and enslave the native inhabitants of the regions it colonized

The French had little choice in this

French settlements were so sparsely populated that taking on the natives head-on would have been very risky

○ England differed significantly from the three other powers in that the other three all depended on Native Americans in different ways

as slave labor, as allies, or as trading partners

○ Anne Hutchinson was a prominent proponent of antinomianism, the belief that faith and Gods grace-as opposed to the observance of moral law and performance of good deeds

suffice to earn one a place among the "elect."

● Decline of the Huron Confederacy (1634

1649)

○ The beginnings of an American culture-as opposed to a transplanted English culture

took root

○ Many second

and third-generation Puritans lacked the fervor of the original Pilgrim and Congregationalist settlers, a situation that led to the Halfway Covenant, which changed the rules governing Puritan baptisms

○ All of these factors

religious, economic, and gender-historians argue, combined to create mass hysteria in Salem in 1692

sextant

made sailing across the Atlantic Ocean safer and more efficient

joint-stock companies

corporate businesses with shareholders whose mission was to settle and develop lands in North America

Juan de Sepúlveda and Bartolomé de Las Casas

Spanish and Portuguese thinkers who proposed wildly different approaches to the treatment of Native populations, ranging from peace and tolerance to dominance and enslavement

Lost Colony

settlement on Roanoke Island that disappeared

Jamestown

a former village on the James River in Virginia to the north of Norfolk; site of the first permanent English settlement in America in 1607

Virginia Company

named for Elizabeth I, known as the Virgin Queen

tobacco

a cash crop to be exported back to England

Chesapeake

the entire area of new settlements

indentured servitude

seven years’ labor, after which they would receive their freedom

headright system

means of attracting new settlers to the region and to address the labor shortage created by the emergence of tobacco farming, which required a large number of workers

House of Burgesses

any property-holding, white male could vote

slavery

work done under harsh conditions for little or no pay

Puritanism

English Calvinists led a Protestant movement in the 16th century

Separatists

they thought the Church of England was so incapable of being reformed that they had to abandon it

Mayflower

the ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620

Plymouth

a town in Massachusetts founded by Pilgrims in 1620

Mayflower Compact

important not only because it created a legal authority and an assembly, but also because it asserted that the government’s power derives from the consent of the governed and not from God

Massachusetts Bay

a larger and more powerful colony established by Congregationalists

Calvinists

adherents of the theological doctrines of John Calvin

Oliver Cromwell

ruled as Lord Protector of England

Fundamental Orders

usually considered the first written constitution in British North America

Act of Toleration

protect the religious freedom of most Christians

royal colonies

their ownership was taken over by the king, who could then exert greater control over their governments

Middle Passage

shipping route that brought the enslaved people to the Americas

tobacco, rice, and indigo

labor-intensive crops

French and Indian War

the Seven Years’ War

mercantilism

believed that economic power was rooted in a favorable balance of trade (that is, exporting more than you import) and the control of specie

specie

hard currency, such as gold coins

Navigation Acts

required the colonists to buy goods only from England, to sell certain of their products only to England, and to import any non-English goods via English ports and pay a duty on those imports

Wool Act

forbade both the export of wool from the American colonies and the importation of wool from other British colonies

Molasses Act

imposed an exorbitant tax upon the importation of sugar from the French West Indies (thus protecting British merchants)

bicameral

consisting of two chambers

Bacon’s Rebellion

took place on Virginia’s western frontier in 1676

Nathaniel Bacon

a recent immigrant who, despite his wealth, had arrived too late to settle on the coast

Stono Uprising

the first and one of the most successful slave rebellions

Salem Witch Trials

witch trials

Dominion of New England

an English government attempt to clamp down on illegal trade

First Great Awakening

wave of religious revivalism

Enlightenment

European intellectual movement that borrowed heavily from ancient philosophy and emphasized rationalism over emotionalism or spirituality

Ben Franklin

colonist who came to typify Enlightenment ideals in America was the self-made and self-educated man

middle colonies

New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey

Chesapeake

Maryland and Virginia