Learning Objectives: Chemistry

List the elements that make up the majority of living organisms

CHNOPS ( carbon A#6 mass-12 , hydrogenA#1 mass-1, nitrogen A#7 mass- 14, oxygen A#8 mass-16 , phosphorus, and sulfur)

Calculate molecular mass (mole. mass and weight are same)

C12H22O11. These show the number of each molecule involved. The atomic mass for these numbers are C=12, H=1, and O=16. Take how many molecules and multiply it by the atomic mass. This example = 342

Compare electronegativity values of different elements

Define covalent bonds

The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms

Calculate Ph

--log₁₀(H+)

Greater H+ concentration = lower pH - acidic

Lower H+ concentration = higher pH - basic

Calculate hydrogen ion concentration and molarity

[H+] = 10^-pH and converting pH to [H+] by taking 10 to the power of the negative pH and converting the moles of solute and volume in liters for molarity, or using the inverse relationship to find moles from molarity and volume. 

List the features of water molecules that result in its label as universal solvent

It is polar, has hydrogen bonding, can dissolve ionic compounds

what are the functional groups

Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl groups

Define polar covalent bonds

One atom is more electronegative (NOT evenly shared) - this causes a partial pos/neg charge for each molecule

Define non polar covalent bonds

Atoms share the electron equally (evenly shared)

Define ionic bonds

An attraction between an anion and a cation (transfer of electrons)

Define hydrogen bonds

A weak attraction that forms between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one highly electronegative atom is also attracted to ANOTHER electronegative atom

Define Van Der Waals Forces

weaker than chemical bonds, but they are responsible for holding molecules together in liquids and solids and play a role in phenomena like surface tension ?

Define Cation

pawsitively charged ion

Define Anion

negatively charged ion

Compounds formed by ionic bonds are also called…

salts